Ziphephe ezi ziphoso zi-7 zibalulekileyo: IsiKhokelo seNgcali sokuKhetha iTyayini eLungileyo kunye neShackle yokuLiphakamisa.

Abstract

Ukukhethwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhonkco kunye ne-shackle yemisebenzi yokuphakamisa kubonisa i-domain apho ukuchaneka kungekona nje ukhetho kodwa kuyimfuneko esisiseko yokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza ngokunyanisekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola iimpazamo ezisixhenxe ezixhaphakileyo kunye neziphumo ezenzeka kwintsimi, ukubonelela ngesakhelo sohlalutyo esibanzi sokuphepha kwabo. Idlulela ngaphaya koluhlu oluphezulu lwemithetho ukuya kuphononongo olunzulu lwemigaqo eyixhasayo, ukutsalwa kwenzululwazi yezinto eziphathekayo, ifiziksi, kunye nemigangatho yolawulo yamazwe ngamazwe. Uhlalutyo lubandakanya ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kweMida yoMthwalo wokuSebenza (WLL), ukhetho olungephi lwamabakala ezinto eziphathekayo kwiimeko ezithile zokusingqongileyo, umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kweentlobo zamakhamandela kunye neendlela zephini, kunye neeprothokholi ezingaxoxisiyo zokuhlolwa. Ingqwalasela eyongezelelekileyo inikwa ifiziksi yee-engile zokusawula, ubuxhakaxhaka boqhagamshelwano olufanelekileyo lwecandelo, kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha nesemthethweni yokubambelela kwimigangatho efana ne-ASME B30. Injongo kukukhulisa ukuqonda okuphucukileyo okuxhobisa iingcali ukuba zenze izigqibo ezikhusela ubomi bomntu, ukugcinwa kwe-asethi, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa, ukuguqula ukuthotyelwa kwenkqubo ibe yimithetho yokhuseleko emiliselwe ngokunzulu.

IItrakthi ezibalulekileyo

• Soloko uqinisekisa uMyinge woMthwalo oSebenzayo (WLL) wawo onke amalungu ugqitha umthwalo obaliweyo.
• Tshatisa ibakala lemathiriyeli yekhonkco kunye nekhonkco lokunyuselwa kumsebenzi othile kunye nokusingqongileyo.
• Sebenzisa amakhamandela ohlobo lwebholithi kufakelo olusisigxina okanye apho ukujikeleziswa kwephini kunokwenzeka.
• Sebenzisa ishedyuli yemihla ngemihla kunye neshedyuli yokuhlola zonke izixhobo zokunyusa.
• Gcina i-engile yesilingi ngaphezu kwee-degrees ezingama-60 ukuthintela uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo kumalungu.
• Qinisekisa ukuba ikhonkco kunye netyayile zihleli ngokuchanekileyo kwaye azize zilayishwe ecaleni okanye zilayishwe ngencam.
• Namathela ngokuthe ngqo kwiinkcukacha zomvelisi kunye nemigangatho efanelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Isiqulatho

• Imposiso yoku-1: Ukungahoywa okanye Ukuchasana noMda woMthwalo oSebenzayo (WLL)
• Imposiso yesi-2: Ukukhetha iMaterial engalunganga neBakala leSicelo
• Imposiso yesi-3: Ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-Shackle olungahambelaniyo kunye nePin
• Imposiso yesi-4: Ukungahoyi ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kunye noHlolo lwamaxesha athile
• Imposiso yesi-5: Ii-engile ze-Sling ezingafanelekanga kunye ne-Side Loading
• Imposiso yesi-6: Ukudityaniswa ngendlela engeyiyo
• Imposiso yesi-7: Ukungahoyi iMiyalelo yoMvelisi kunye neMigangatho yeHlabathi
• Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQ)
• isiphelo
• Ucaphulo

Imposiso yoku-1: Ukungahoywa okanye Ukuchasana noMda woMthwalo oSebenzayo (WLL)

Ingqikelelo yoMda wokuLawulwa koMsebenzi (WLL) mhlawumbi ngowona mgaqo usisiseko kuyo yonke igrama yokuphakamisa nokurhwasha. Ukanti, ukungaqondi kwayo okanye ukutyeshelwa kwayo ngokupheleleyo kusengumthombo ozingisileyo wokusilela okuyintlekele. Ukucinga nge-WLL kukucinga ngesithembiso esinzulu esenziwe ngumenzi-isibhengezo sobunzima obukhulu ukuba isixhobo sinokuthi siphakamise ngokukhuselekileyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo. Ayiyongcebiso; yisilingi epheleleyo yokusetyenziswa kwesiqhelo. Ukuyigqithisa, nokuba kuncinci, kukusuka kwihlabathi lobunjineli obulawulwayo ukuya kwindawo yokungaqiniseki okuyingozi, apho amandla adlalayo anokoyisa umthamo wezinto eziphathekayo ngaphandle kwesilumkiso. Impazamo ayikho nje ekubaleni kakubi kodwa kukusilela okunzulu ukuxabisa iWLL njengelitye lembombo lemfezeko yenkqubo. Ngumgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela kumxhuzulane, kwaye ukuwuphatha ngayo nantoni na engaphantsi kwentlonipho epheleleyo yimpazamo enkulu.

Ukuqonda i-WLL vs. Ukuqhawula Amandla: Umda woKhuseleko oluSisiseko

Yiba nomfanekiso uhamba phezu kweplanga elixhonywe phakathi kweengongoma ezimbini. Uyazi ukuba iplanga inokuxhasa ngokomzimba ubunzima obuninzi beekhilogram ezili-1,000 ngaphambi kokuba ihluthe. Le yi-Ultimate Breaking Strength (UBS). Ungaziva ukhululekile xa uhamba ukunqumla kuyo ukuba unobunzima obungama-999 eekhilogram? Ingcinga iyodwa ayizinzi. Uya kufuna isithinteli esibalulekileyo, umda wokhuseleko, ukuphendula ngobuthathaka obungabonakaliyo emthini, ukutsiba okuncinci kwinqanaba lakho, okanye ukuvuthuza komoya ngequbuliso.

Esi sikhuseli kanye kanye "Isithinteli soYilo" okanye "iFactor yoKhuseleko" ibonelela ngetyathanga kunye netyayile yokunyuswa. Umda wokuSebenza wokuSebenza awukho indawo yokuqhawula. Endaweni yoko, yi-Ultimate Breaking Strength eyahlulwe yile nto yoyilo.

Qaphela: Imiba yoyilo igunyaziswe ngokwemigangatho efana ne-ASME B30.9 kunye ne-B30.26 kwaye inokwahluka. Soloko ubhekisa kumgangatho othile kunye nedatha yomenzi ngamaxabiso achanekileyo.

Umba wokhuseleko awukho ngqiqweni. Ngumqamelo owenziwe ngononophelo obangela intaphane yezinto eziguquguqukayo zehlabathi lokwenyani ekunzima ukubala kuzo zonke iilifti:

• Ukothuka kuyalayisha: Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngesiquphe, okunokuthi okwethutyana kunyuse uxinzelelo kude kunobunzima obumileyo bomthwalo.
• Nxibela ukuyikrazula: Ukuthotywa ngokuthe ngcembe kwesixhobo kubomi bayo benkonzo.
• Imiba yokusingqongileyo: Amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo okanye iatmosphere enomhlwa enokunciphisa amandla ento.
• Okungaziwayo: Ukungafezeki kwizinto eziphathekayo okanye kwimveliso engabonakaliyo ngokuhlola okubonakalayo.

Impazamo eqhelekileyo kunye neyingozi kukubhidanisa i-WLL ngokuqhawuka kwamandla. Umsebenzisi angabona ikhonkco eline-2-toni ye-WLL kwaye acinge ukuba inomthamo omncinci kakhulu wogcino. Enyanisweni, loo makhamandela ngokuqinisekileyo ayinakusilela de kusetyenziswe amandla eetoni ezili-10 okanye ngaphezulu. I-WLL ngumda omiselweyo womsebenzi. Isithuba phakathi kwe-WLL kunye namandla okuqhekeza yindawo egcinwe ukhuseleko, ngokungalindelekanga, ukugcinwa kobomi kunye nepropati. Ukusebenza ngokwazi ngaphakathi kweso sithuba kukungcakaza ngamandla angaxoleliyo. Elona khonkco libuthathaka kuyo nayiphi na indibano yokuphakamisa liyalela i-WLL yenkqubo yonke. Ikhonkco lomthamo we-10-toni edityaniswe ne-2-toni umthamo we-shackle iphumela kwinkqubo ene-WLL yeetoni ezi-2 kuphela. Yonke icandelo elinye, ukusuka kwikhonkco ukuya kwikhonkco ukuya kwi amakhamandela okuphakamisa umgangatho ophezulu, kufuneka ibeneWLL elingana okanye enkulu kunesabelo somthwalo ekulindeleke ukuba iwuxhase.

Ungabala njani ngokuchanekileyo ubunzima bomthwalo kunye nee-Angles zokuRigging

Isinyathelo sokuqala kuyo nayiphi na i-lift akukona ukuqhotyola i-rigging, kodwa ukwazi umthwalo. Ukumisela ubunzima obuchanekileyo bento ekufuneka iphakanyiswe yinto eyimfuneko engaxoxisiyo. Olu lwazi lunokufumaneka rhoqo kwimiboniso yokuthumela, imizobo yobunjineli, okanye iipleyiti zedatha zomenzi. Ukungabikho kolwazi olunjalo, ubunzima kufuneka bubalwe ngokusekelwe kumthamo wezinto eziphathekayo kunye nobuninzi okanye ukuzimisela usebenzisa iseli yomthwalo olinganisiweyo. Ukuqikelela asiyondlela yokukhetha.

Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima bomthwalo ngokwawo sisiqalo nje sokubala. Xa umthwalo uphakanyiswa kusetyenziswa isilingi esinemilenze emininzi, i-engile yaloo milenze ukuya kwindawo ethe tyaba ichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ingcinezelo efunyanwa ngumlenze ngamnye, yaye ngenxa yoko, ngetyathanga netyathanga elidityaniswe kuwo. Lo ngumbandela wefiziksi elula, ukanti yenye yezona zinto zingahoywayo zokuqhekezwa.

Yiba nomfanekiso uphethe ingxowa enzima yegrosari nengalo enye ibambelele nkqo ezantsi. Amandla engalo yakho alingana nobunzima bengxowa. Ngoku, khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni uphethe kwaloo bhegi nengalo yakho yolulelwe ecaleni, ingqamene nomhlaba. Uxinzelelo egxalabeni lakho lukhulu kakhulu, lukhulu kunobunzima bengxowa. Umgaqo ofanayo usebenza ekuphakamiseni izilingi. Njengoko i-angle ye-sling iyancipha (iba yi-horizontal ngakumbi), ukuxhatshazwa kumlenze ngamnye kwandisa ngokukhawuleza.

Ifomula yoku: Uxinzelelo kumlenze ngamnye = (Ubunzima bomthwalo / inani lemilenze) / isono (i-engile) Apho 'i-engile' iyi-engile yomlenze ukusuka kwindawo ethe tye.

Indlela enengqondo ngakumbi yokuqonda oku kungophindaphinda i-Angle Angle Factor (LAF).

Phawula ukwanda okothusayo. Kwii-30 degrees, umlenze ngamnye we-sling-legged-legged-sling uxhasa ubunzima obupheleleyo bomthwalo. Uxinzelelo olupheleleyo kwi-rigging luphindwe kabini ubunzima bomthwalo. Uninzi lwamaqumrhu alawulayo, kuquka i-OSHA e-United States, athathele ingqalelo i-engile yesilingi engaphantsi kwe-30 degrees ukuba ibe yingozi kakhulu kwaye inqande ngokubanzi. I-angle efanelekileyo kunye neyona inconywa ngokuqhelekileyo yi-60 degrees okanye ngaphezulu.

Impazamo ebalulekileyo kukukhetha ikhonkco kunye nentambo yokuphakamisa ngokusekelwe kuphela kubunzima obahluliweyo bomthwalo, ukungahoywa kwesiphumo sokuphindaphinda kwe-angle yesilingi. Umsebenzisi ophakamisa umthwalo weetoni ezi-4 ngesilingi semilenze emibini usenokucinga ukuba umlenze ngamnye uxhasa iitoni ezi-2. Ukuba basebenzisa iitoni ezi-2 zetsheyini le-WLL kunye nokudityaniswa kwamatyathanga kwi-engile ye-30-degree, umlenze ngamnye ufumana amandla eitoni ezi-4 (iitoni ezi-2 * 2.000 LAF). Isixhobo silayishwa ukuya kwi-200% yomthamo waso olinganisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba ilifti iqale. Olu asilolongamelo oluncinci; yindlela ethe ngqo yokusilela.

Iingozi ze "Shock Loading" kunye nefuthe layo kwi-WLL

Ukulayishwa komothuko kubhekiselele ekusebenzeni ngokukhawuleza kwamandla okanye utshintsho olukhawulezayo kwisantya somthwalo. Yinto eguquguqukayo, ehlala inobundlobongela, ihambelana ne-static, lift ethambileyo. I-WLL yekhonkco kunye ne-shackle yokuphakamisa ibalwa kumthwalo osisigxina-ukutsalwa okucothayo, okuzinzileyo. Umthwalo owothukileyo wazisa amandla anokuba mkhulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunobunzima bento, kwaye kulapha apho into yokhuseleko ingqina ukubaluleka kwayo.

Qwalasela ezi meko zixhaphakileyo ezibangela ukulayisha umothuko:

• Ukukhawulezisa ngokukhawuleza: Ukuxhwila umthwalo emhlabeni nge-crane okanye i-hoist ehamba ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukwehla ngesiquphe: Umthwalo wehliswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu uze umiswe ngesiquphe.
• Layisha iSlippage: Umthwalo ongakhuselekanga kakuhle oguquguqukayo okanye otyibilikayo ngaphakathi kwesixhobo sawo, obangela ukuhla ngesiquphe nokuba ziisentimitha ezimbalwa.
• Imithwalo ejingayo: Umthwalo ovunyelwe ukuba ujike njenge-pendulum unokudala amandla ashukumisayo njengoko utshintsha indlela.

Ifiziksi yokulayisha umothuko inokuba nzima, kodwa uvavanyo olulula lwengcinga lubonisa ingozi. Ukuba wehlisa ubunzima be-100 kg ukusuka kumphakamo wemitha enye kwitsheyini, amandla akhawulezileyo avela kwimpembelelo inokuba yimiyalelo yobukhulu engaphezu kwe-100 kg. Kukubetha ngehamile, hayi ukutsalwa okuthambileyo.

Impazamo kukusebenzisa izixhobo zokuphakamisa ngengqondo engayinakiyo i-dynamics. Isiqhubi sinokuthi sijonge i-WLL, sibale iiengile zesilingi ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye sekunjalo sibangele ukusilela ngokusebenza kakubi. Intshukumo egudileyo, elawulwayo yomthwalo ayikho nje i-finesse; yinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko. Nasiphi na isenzo esikhokelela kwintshukumo yokuxhuzula okanye ukungqungqa sisebenzisa umda wokhuseleko owakhelwe kwisixhobo. Kwiimeko ezinzima, umthwalo wokuthuthumela unokudlula ngokukhawuleza kungekuphela nje i-WLL, kodwa amandla okugqibela okuphulwa kwecandelo, okukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kokuqhuma. Yiyo loo nto uqeqesho lwecrane kunye ne-hoist operators lugxininisa "ukwenza iintsiba" ulawulo-ukwenza amagalelo kancinane, agudileyo ukuthintela naluphi na utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwisantya. I-WLL ithatha ngokugqibeleleyo, ukuphakama okuthambileyo. Umhlaba wokwenyani unqabile ukuba ugqibelele, yiyo loo nto intlonipho enzulu ngeengozi zokulayishwa komothuko kufuneka ibe yinxalenye yezixhobo zengqondo zesixhobo ngasinye.

Ukufumana kunye nokuTolika imiqondiso ye-WLL kumatyathanga namatyathanga

Isiqwenga sezixhobo zokuphakamisa ngaphandle kokumakishwa okucacileyo, okucacileyo koMda walo wokuSebenza, kuzo zonke iinjongo eziphathekayo, akunamsebenzi kwaye kuyingozi ekuphakamiseni phezulu. Iimpawu likhadi lesazisi lesixhobo, uhlobo lwaso oluphambili lonxibelelwano kumsebenzisi. Impazamo kukusebenzisa isixhobo esingaphawulwanga, esinophawu olungafundekiyo, okanye ukutolika gwenxa amanqaku akhoyo.

Kwimixokelelwane yokuphakamisa ialloyi ekumgangatho ophezulu, iimpawu zidla ngokubhalwa kwikhonkco ngalinye okanye ngamaxesha amisiweyo (umzekelo, imitha nganye okanye iinyawo ezimbalwa). Olu phawu luya kubandakanya:

• Igama loMenzi okanye iSimboli: Oku kumisela ukulandeleka kunye nokuphendula.
• Ibakala leChain: Ngokwesiqhelo "8", "10", okanye "12" kwiBakala 80, 100, okanye 120 ngokulandelelanayo. Oku kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba usebenzisa itsheyini eyenzelwe ukunyuselwa phezulu.
• Ubungakanani beSixokelelwano esiQelekileyo: Ububanzi bezinto zekhonkco.

I-WLL ngokwayo ayinakuphawulwa kwikhonkco ngalinye, njengoko kuxhomekeke kwindlela ikhonkco elisetyenziswa ngayo (umzekelo, kumlenze omnye okanye kwi-multi-leg-sling). I-WLL ifumaneka kwithegi eqinileyo encanyathiselwe ngokusisigxina kwindibano yesilingi. Le thegi ngowona mthombo wolwazi wesling yonke.

Ngamakhamandela, ulwazi luyinkohliso ngokusisigxina okanye luphoswe kumzimba wekhamandela. Kufuneka uhlale ukwazi ukufumana:

• Igama loMenzi okanye uphawu loRhwebo: (umzekelo, uCrosby, uVan Beest).
• Umda wokuLawulwa koMsebenzi: Ibonakaliswe ngeetoni okanye ngeekhilogram (umz., "WLL 4¾ T").
• Ubungakanani beKhalethi: (umz., "½" ngeqhina lesiqingatha se-intshi.
• Iikhowudi zokulandelelwa kweMathiriyeli: Ezi zivumela umenzi ukuba alandele ibhetshi ethile yensimbi esetyenzisiweyo, eyinxalenye yenkqubo yabo yokulawula umgangatho.

Ukusebenzisa i-chackle apho i-WLL ifihliwe yipeyinti, i-rust, okanye umonakalo kukwaphulwa kokuziphatha okukhuselekileyo. Ukuba ukumakishwa akukwazi ukufundwa kwaye kuchongwe ngokuqinisekileyo, icandelo malisuswe enkonzweni ngoko nangoko. Ngokufanayo, umntu kufuneka alumke malunga nezinto zokurhweba ngomgunyathi. Ezi zinto zinokuba neempawu ezibonakala zisemthethweni kodwa zenziwe ngezinto ezikumgangatho ophantsi ngaphandle kokulawulwa komgangatho. Ukuthenga ikhonkco kunye nekhonkco lokunyuswa kubavelisi abathembekileyo kunye nabasasazi kuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba amanqaku ahambelana nezakhono zokwenyani, ezivavanyiweyo. Ukumakishwa likhonkco lokugqibela, elibambekayo kwikhonkco elide lobunjineli, uvavanyo kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho. Ukungayinaki kukungahoyi yonke inkqubo eyenza ukuphakamisa kukhuseleke.

Imposiso yesi-2: Ukukhetha iMaterial engalunganga neBakala leSicelo

Isigqibo sokuba leliphi ityathanga nekhamandela ekufuneka zisetyenziselwe umsebenzi wokuphakamisa sidlulela ngaphaya kobukhulu kunye nomthamo wazo. Eyona nto zenziwe ngayo ngumba omiselayo ekusebenzeni kwazo, ukuqina, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, nokhuseleko lwazo. Izinto eziphathekayo ekukhutsheni azitshintshi. Ibakala ngalinye lentsimbi, ukubunjwa kwe-alloy nganye, linobuntu obukhethekileyo-isethi yeempawu ezenza ukuba zifaneleke kwezinye iindawo kwaye zingafanelekanga ngokuyingozi kwabanye. Impazamo kukwamkela ubungakanani obunye-bulingana-bonke, kucingelwa ukuba naliphi na ityathanga eliqine ngokwaneleyo okanye iqhina liya kwenza umsebenzi. Oku kujongela phantsi ukudibana okucekethekileyo phakathi kwemathiriyeli, usetyenziso olucetywayo, kunye nemeko-bume eya kuhlala kuyo, isigwebo esingafanelekanga esinokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwangaphambi kwexesha ngenxa yokubola, i-embrittlement, okanye ukunxitywa okungalindelekanga.

Ukuthelekiswa kwamaBanga eChain: iBanga lama-80, i-100, kunye ne-120 ye-Alloy Steels

Xa sithetha ngamatyathanga okunyuselwa phezulu, asithethi ngohlobo oluqhelekileyo lwevenkile esetyenziselwa ukutsala okanye ukubiyela. Sibhekiselele kwiintsimbi ezikhethekileyo, eziphathwe ngobushushu eziyilwe kwaye zaqinisekiswa uxanduva olukhulu lokumisa imithwalo phezu kwabantu kunye nepropathi. "Ibakala" letsheyini kukutyunjwa kwamandla alo, ngokukodwa uxinzelelo oluphakathi kwinqanaba lokwaphuka. Amabanga aphezulu athetha umlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla-to-ubunzima.

• IBakala 80 (Inkqubo 8): Kwiminyaka emininzi, iBanga le-80 yentsimbi ye-alloy yayingumgangatho woshishino wokunyusa phezulu. Yimathiriyeli eyomeleleyo, ethembekileyo, neqondwa kakuhle. Iphawulwa ngamandla ayo aphezulu kunye ne-ductility, inika imbonakalo ecacileyo yokugcwala ngokuzolula ngaphambi kokuba lusilele. Ngokuqhelekileyo ichongiwe ngombala wayo omnyama, okhuselayo. IBanga lama-80 lihlala liyinto ethandwayo kunye neyonga imali kwizicelo ezininzi zokuphakamisa jikelele apho umlinganiselo wamandla obunzima obugqithisileyo ungeyiyo inkxalabo ephambili.

• IBakala 100 (Inkqubo 10): Yaziswa njengenkqubela phambili ebonakalayo kwiBanga lama-80, ikhonkco leBanga le-100 libonelela malunga nokunyuka kwamandla angama-25% kubukhulu betsheyini elifanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikhonkco elikhaphukhaphu lingasetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa umthwalo ofanayo, inzuzo enkulu kubakhuseli ekufuneka baphathe izixhobo ngesandla. Isilingi se-1/2-intshi seBakala 100 singenza umsebenzi wesilingi esikhulu, esinzima se-9/16-intshi yeBakala 80. Oku kuncipha kobunzima akuphuculi nje i-ergonomics kunye nokunciphisa ukudinwa kwabasebenzi kodwa kunokuba luncedo kwizicelo ezine-headroom eqinile. IBanga le-100 lihlala liphawuleka ngombala othile, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye ongwevu, njengoko kumiselwe ngumenzi.

• IBakala 120 (Inkqubo 12): Ukumela incopho yangoku yethekhinoloji yetsheyini efumanekayo ngokurhweba, iBanga le-120 linika ukwanda okumangalisayo kwe-50% kumthamo wokuphakamisa ngaphezu kweBanga lama-80 kunye nokwanda kwe-20% ngaphezu kweBanga le-100. Iprofayili yayo ekhethekileyo, ehlala i-square-link, ikhulisa indawo enqamlezileyo yokuqina ngelixa inciphisa ubunzima. Eli nqanaba leprimiyamu lukhetho lwezona zinyusi zifuna kakhulu apho ubunzima kunye nobukhulu bokuqhekezwa kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuncitshiswa okubalulekileyo kobunzima kunokwenza iziphakamisi ezinzima okanye ezinzima zikhuseleke kwaye zisebenze ngakumbi.

Impazamo kukukhetha ibakala elisekelwe kwindleko yodwa okanye ukungazi ngenzuzo enokufumaneka kwibakala eliphezulu. Ukusebenzisa i-asembly enzima yeBanga le-80 apho iBanga le-100 okanye i-120 elilula linokwanela kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokulimala ngasemva kwizikhuseli kwaye yenze yonke inkqubo yokuphakamisa ibe nzima ngakumbi. Kwelinye icala, kuyimpazamo ukuxuba amabakala kwindibano enye yesilingi ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko. Ngelixa abanye abavelisi banokuvuma iindibaniselwano ezithile, umthetho jikelele kukugcina ukungaguquguquki. I-WLL yendibano isoloko imiselwa lelona candelo lisezantsi. Isilingi esenziwe ngetsheyini yeBakala 100 kodwa kusetyenziswa iihuka zeBakala 80 okanye ii-master links masireyithwe njengesilingi seBakala 80. Ukhetho olucacileyo lweenketho, umntu unokuqhagamshelana nomboneleli okhethekileyo we amatyathanga okuphakamisa i-alloy ephezulu.

Iingqwalaselo zeMathiriyeli yeeNdawo ezinoButshaba (uMhlwa, ubushushu)

Ukusebenza kwekhonkco kunye ne-shackle yokuphakamisa iboshwe ngokusondeleyo kwindawo yayo. Imozulu elawulwayo yomgangatho wefektri inika umngeni owahluke kakhulu kwisitshizi samanzi etyuwa kwiqonga elingaselunxwemeni okanye ingqele egqithisileyo yesiza sokwakha se-arctic. Izinto eziphathekayo kufuneka zikhethwe kungekhona nje ngenxa yamandla ayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuqina kwayo.

• Umhlwa: Intsimbi ye-alloy esemgangathweni, nangona i-coating yokukhusela, iyakwazi ukugqwala xa ibonakaliswe kumswakama, iikhemikhali, okanye ityuwa. Elwandle, ekusetyenzweni kweekhemikhali, okanye ekusetyenzisweni komgangatho wokutya, ukubola ayisiyonto nje yokuthambisa; ngokusebenzayo ukuthoba izinto eziphathekayo, ukudala imingxuma esebenza njengokunyuka koxinzelelo kwaye kunokukhokelela ekuhlulekeni ngokukhawuleza. Kule mimandla, insimbi engenasici okanye i-galvanized chain chain kunye neentambo zikhetho olufanelekileyo. I-galvanizing ibandakanya ukugquma intsimbi kunye noluhlu lwezinc, olubonelela ngokukhuselwa kombingelelo ngokuchasene nokubola. Intsimbi engatyiwayo iqulethe ichromium, eyenza umaleko weoksidi oziphilisayo kumphezulu, onika ukuxhathisa okungaphezulu kokuhlwa. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba insimbi engenasici kunye namacandelo e-galvanized ahlala ene-WLL ephantsi kuneentsimbi zentsimbi ezinobungakanani obufanayo kwaye kufuneka zikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo.

• Ukushisa: Amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ashushu nabandayo, anokuba nefuthe elinzulu kwiimpawu zentsimbi.

  • Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu: Njengoko iqondo lokushisa liphakama, intsimbi iqala ukulahlekelwa amandla kunye nobunzima. Abavelisi bezixhobo zokunyusela babonelela ngeetshathi ezithile ezichaza ukucuthwa kwe-WLL ekufuneka isetyenziswe xa isebenza ngaphezulu kobushushu obuthile (ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-200 ° C / 400 ° F). Ukusebenzisa ikhonkco eliqhelekileyo le-alloy kwisicelo sokushisa okuphezulu njenge-Foundry okanye i-steel Mill ngaphandle kokufaka oku kukhutshwa kuyingozi kakhulu.
  • Ubushushu obuphantsi: Kubushushu obuphantsi kakhulu, intsimbi inokuba brittle. Le yingozi echuliweyo ngokukhethekileyo kuba loo nto isenokuphulukana ne-ductility yayo—amandla ayo okonakala okanye ukolula ngaphambi kokwaphuka. Itsheyini eqhele ukwelulwa phantsi kwemeko yomthwalo omninzi endaweni yoko inokwaphuka ngequbuliso ngaphandle kwesilumkiso. Kumsebenzi wemozulu ebandayo, amacandelo e-alloy akhethekileyo abhalwe phantsi lobushushu obuphantsi (amaxabiso ovavanyo lweCharpy impact) kufuneka acaciswe.

Impazamo kukucinga ukuba ikhonkco eliqhelekileyo lealloy kunye nekhonkco lokunyuswa liya kwenza okufanayo kuyo yonke indawo. Inkqubo yokhetho kufuneka ibandakanye uvavanyo olunzulu lwemeko yokusebenza. Ngaba ezi zixhobo ziza kuba nemvula? Iikhemikhali? Isitshizi setyuwa? Ngaba iza kusebenza kufuphi neziko okanye kwisikhenkcisi? Ukuphendula le mibuzo kubaluleke kakhulu njengokumisela ubunzima bomthwalo.

Iingozi zokuSebenzisa iChayini yeBanga elingaphawulwanga okanye i-Hardware-Store yokuPhakamisa Phezulu

Kukho umgca ocacileyo nogqibeleleyo phakathi kwetsheyini eyenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi (edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiBanga lama-30 "Ikhoyili yoBungqina" okanye iBakala 43 "uVavanyo oluPhezulu") kunye netsheyini yealloyi eyenzelwe ukunyuselwa phezulu (iBakala 80 nangaphezulu). Ezi zimbini azitshintshi naphantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko.

• IMathiriyeli kunye noVeliso: Amatyathanga enjongo ngokubanzi aqhele ukwenziwa ngentsimbi ephantsi kwekhabhoni. Aziyilwanga kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lwekhemistri okanye iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu ezinika ialloyi amatyathanga okuphakamisa indibaniselwano yawo yamandla aphezulu kunye ne-ductility.
• Umba woyilo: Amatyathanga okuphakamisa anobuncinci boyilo lwe-4: 1. Amakhonkco e-Hardware anento esezantsi kakhulu, kaninzi yi-2:1 okanye 3:1, ebonelela ngomda ongonelanga wokhuseleko lokumisa imithwalo.
• Imo Yokusilela: Ikhonkco lokuphakamisa elilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo liya kunweba kakhulu (ngokuqhelekileyo i-20% okanye ngaphezulu) ngaphambi kokuba liphule, linikezela isilumkiso esicacileyo esibonakalayo somthwalo ogqithisiweyo. Itsheyini yehardware yomgangatho ophantsi inokugqabhuka ngaphandle kwesilumkiso.
• Iimpawu: Njengoko kuxoxiwe, amakhonkco okuphakamisa i-alloy aphawulwe ngokungqongqo kwibakala, ubungakanani kunye nemvelaphi. Amakhonkco e-Hardware ahlala engaphawulwanga okanye anophawu oluncinci.

Impazamo, edla ngokuzalwa kukungazi okanye ilinge eliphosakeleyo lokugcina imali, kukusebenzisa isiqwenga sekhonkco elingaphawulwanga, elikumgangatho ophantsi kumsebenzi wokuphakamisa. Le yenye yezona mpazamo ziyingozi kakhulu umntu anokuzenza ekurhwebeni. Ikhonkco linokuthi libambe umthwalo omileyo okwexeshana, linika imvakalelo yobuxoki yokhuseleko, kodwa ayinayo i-ductility yokusingatha nayiphi na imithwalo eyothusayo kwaye inomda ongonelanga wokhuseleko wokuphendula ngezinto eziguquguqukayo zehlabathi lokwenyani. Nakuphi na ukungaphumeleli kuya kuba ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokupheleleyo. Umgaqo ulula kwaye awuhambisani: ukuba ikhonkco alibonakali ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokusisigxina ibakala le-80, i-100, okanye i-120 evela kumenzi ohloniphekileyo, akufanele isetyenziswe ekuphakamiseni phezulu.

I-Shackle Materials: I-Carbon vs. I-Alloy Steel

Kanye njengamatyathanga, amakhamandela ayafumaneka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo, ngokuyintloko i-carbon steel kunye ne-alloy steel. Ukhetho phakathi kwabo lulungelelwano lwamandla, isicelo kunye neendleko.

• Amakhamandela entsimbi yeCarbon: La ngamakhamandela aqhelekileyo, anenjongo ngokubanzi. Ziyomelele kwaye zifanelekile kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo ze-static, ezifana nokukhusela imithwalo yezothutho okanye kwiimeko ezisisiseko zokuqhawula apho imithwalo ichazwe kakuhle kwaye ingekho phantsi kwamandla amakhulu. Banikezela ngamandla amahle ngexabiso labo.

• Amakhamandela entsimbi yengxubevange: Ukuphakamisa i-overhead kunye nezicelo ezifunwa kakhulu zokurhwaphiliza, amakhamandela entsimbi yealloy lolona khetho lubalaseleyo. Zenziwe ngentsimbi ye-alloy ephethwe ngubushushu, efana nokuphakamisa amatyathanga, nto leyo ibanika umlinganiselo ophezulu kakhulu wobunzima bobunzima kunekhabhoni zentsimbi. Umxokelelwane wealloyi uya kuba ne-WLL ephezulu kunekhabhoni yentsimbi yomxokelelwane yobukhulu obufanayo bomzimba. Oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa kwamacandelo amancinci, alula, okuyinzuzo kwiindibano ezinzima zokukhwabanisa. Ngaphaya koko, iintsimbi zealloyi zenziwe ukuba zibe neempawu zokusebenza ezingcono kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu naphantsi kwaye zinikeze ukuxhathisa okukhulu kukudinwa ngaphezulu kwemijikelo emininzi yokuphakamisa.

Impazamo kukukhetha i-shackle esekelwe kubukhulu bodwa, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela izinto zayo. Ukusebenzisa i-carbon steel shackle kwi-high-performance lifting sling kunye neBanga le-100 okanye i-120 ye-alloy chain iya kudala indawo ebuthathaka. Umxokelelwane unokuba ne-WLL esezantsi kakhulu kunekhonkco, ngokuyingozi ukukala inkqubo yonke. Kuyo nayiphi na i-overhead lift ebaluleke kakhulu, ukusetyenziswa kweentsimbi eziphawulweyo, ezilandelekayo, ezifakwe ngobushushu ngumgangatho wobugcisa. Izinto eziphathekayo ze-shackle kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokucophelela njengoko izinto zekhonkco ziya kudibanisa.

Imposiso yesi-3: Ukukhetha uhlobo lwe-Shackle olungahambelaniyo kunye nePin

Ihlabathi lamakhamandela lahluke kakhulu kunokuba linokuvela ekuqaleni. Ifom yabo elula, emise u-U iphikisana nomsebenzi ocacileyo obaluleke kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwabo ngokukhuselekileyo. Ukukhetha uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwe-shackle-kwaye, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, uhlobo oluchanekileyo lwepini-akusiyo into yokukhetha ubuhle. Sisigqibo esichazwe yijometri yokunyuswa, ubunjani bomthwalo, kunye nobude bokudibanisa. Impazamo kolu khetho inokwazisa amandla angalindelekanga kunye anobungozi kwindibano yokurhweba. Umxokelelwane olungele umsebenzi omnye unokungafanelekanga kwaphela komnye, kwaye ukuphazama kwezi zibini kunokukhokelela ekukhutshweni kwephini, ukonakala kwecandelo, okanye ukungaphumeleli kwentlekele. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zemixokelelwane eyahlukeneyo yoyilo kunye noyilo lwepini kubalulekile ekwakheni indibano yokunyusela engomelelanga nje, kodwa izinzile kwaye ikhuselekile.

I-Anchor (iSaphetha) vs. Ikhonkco (iDee) Amakhamandela: Ukusetyenziswa nini Nganye

Iiprofayili ezimbini ezixhaphakileyo zamakhamandela yintambo yeankile kunye netyathanga letyathanga. Amagama kunye neemilo zabo zibonelela ngesikhokelo esinamandla somsebenzi wabo.

• Amakhamandela etyathanga (Dee Shackles): Lamakhamandela anomfanekiso "D", anomzimba omxinwa. Ziyilelwe ngokukodwa ukuphakanyiswa kwe-line. Zicinge njengekhonkco elinamandla, elikhuseleke ngakumbi kwikhonkco. Iprofayili yabo encinci ilungele ukudibanisa kwindawo enye yokuphakamisa, njengeliso lentambo yentambo okanye umlenze omnye we-sling chain. Isithintelo esiphambili sentambo ye-Dee kukuba yenzelwe ukuthatha umthwalo wayo ophambili ecaleni komgca ophakathi womzimba we-shackle. Azikufanelanga kakuhle ukulayishwa kwecala, njengoko oku kunokubangela ukuba umzimba we-shackle ujike okanye uguqulwe.

• Amakhamandela e-Anchor (Amakhamandela aBow): La matyathanga anemilo emikhulu, engqukuva ngakumbi "O" okanye "bow". Lo mmandla mkhulu wangaphakathi luphawu lwabo oluphambili. Ubume besaphetha bubenza balungele ukudibanisa izilingi ezininzi kwindawo enye, njenge hook ye-crane. Ziyilelwe ukuphatha imithwalo evela kwii-angles ezininzi, eziqhelekileyo kwi-multi-leg bridle sling arrangement. Ngelixa umthwalo ophambili kufuneka ugxininiswe kwisaphetha se-shackle, i-shack shape inika inkululeko enkulu yokuhamba kwi-slings eqhotyoshelweyo kwaye inokusingatha iqondo elithile lokulayishwa kwe-angular, ngaphandle kokuba i-WLL iyancipha ngokufanelekileyo ngokwemigaqo yomenzi.

Impazamo kukusebenzisa ezi ntlobo zimbini ngokutshintshanayo ngaphandle kokujonga isicelo. Ukusebenzisa i-shackle ye-Dee ukudibanisa imilenze emibini okanye emithathu ye-sling iya kubangela ukuba imilenze ihlanganiswe ndawonye, ​​​​ithintele ukuba ihambelane ngokuchanekileyo kumthwalo kwaye inokulimaza i-slings. Okuyingozi ngakumbi, ibeka umthwalo wecala elimxinwa kumzimba omxinwa wekhamathi ongazange uyilelwe. Ngokuchaseneyo, ngelixa ikhonkco le-ankile linokuthi lisetyenziswe apho ikhonkco lekhonkco lingangena khona, umzimba walo omkhulu unokuba mkhulu ngokungeyomfuneko kuqhagamshelo olulula lomgca. Umgaqo okhokelayo kukutshatisa imilo ye-shackle kunye nejometri yoqhagamshelwano. Kwinqaku elinye, ukudityaniswa komgca, sebenzisa ikhonkco (Dee) ikhonkco. Ukudityaniswa kwemilenze emininzi okanye apho ukulayishwa kwe-angular kungenakuphepheka, i-anchor (i-bow) ikhonkco lukhetho oluchanekileyo nolukhuselekileyo.

Umahluko obalulekileyo: i-Screw Pin vs. Izikhonkwane zoHlobo lweBolt (iBolt yoKhuseleko)

Iphini licandelo elivala i-shackle kwaye lithwala umthwalo. Isixhobo sephini ngokungathandabuzekiyo lolona phawu lubalulekileyo olumisela ukufaneleka kwekhama kumsebenzi onikiweyo.

• Amakhamandela e-Screw Pin: Olu luyilo lubonisa isikhonkwane esingena ngqo kumzimba wekhamandela. Zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye zixatyiswa ngenxa yesantya kunye nokusebenziseka ngokulula kwazo. I-screw pin inokufakwa kwaye isuswe ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwesidingo sazo naziphi na izixhobo. Oku kubenza balungele uqhagamshelo lwexeshana, kwiilifti ezidityanisiweyo kwaye ziqhawuke rhoqo, okanye "khetha kwaye ubeke" imisebenzi. Olona thintelo lubalulekileyo lwephini lokujija kukuchaphazeleka kwalo ekukhululekeni. Ukuba umthwalo uyatshintsha okanye ujikeleze, kunokubangela ukuba i-pin ihambe ngokucothayo. Le yingozi ethule kwaye ihlala ingabonakali.

• Amakhamandela oHlobo lweBolt (ekwaziwa ngokuba ngamakhamandela oKhuseleko okanye amakhamandela eNut & Cotter Pin): Olu yilo lusebenzisa ibholiti, i-nati, kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela sesibini, esiqhele ukuba yipini yecotter ecandiweyo. Ibholithi idlula kuzo zombini iindlebe zekhonkco kwaye ikhuselwe yi nut. Iphini yecotter ifakwa ngomngxuma kwibholithi ukunqanda le nut ukuba ingabuyi umva. Oku kudala uxhulumaniso olutshixiwe ngoomatshini kwaye alunakukhululeka ngenxa yokungcangcazela okanye ukujikeleziswa.

Impazamo ikukusilela ukuxabisa umahluko omkhulu kukhuseleko phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini zephini. Ukusebenzisa ikhonkco le-screw pin kwisicelo apho liphantsi kongcangcazelo, ukujikeleziswa okunokwenzeka, okanye apho liya kushiywa endaweni ixesha elongeziweyo yimpazamo enkulu. Ityayile yohlobo lwebholiti kuphela kwendlela eyamkelekileyo kulo nakuphi na ufakelo olungagqibekanga okanye olusisigxina, olufana nokurhweba okumileyo okanye kwizicelo apho iqhina lingayi kuhlolwa rhoqo. Ikwalukhetho olusisinyanzelo kulo naluphi na unyuso apho umthwalo unokujijeka okanye ujikeleze, njengoko esi sishukumo sinokusebenza isikhonkwane sokujija sikhulule kwimizuzu nje. Ixesha elongeziweyo elincinci elithathayo ukufaka ikhonkco lohlobo lwebholithi lixabiso elingabalulekanga lokuhlawulela ukonyuka okukhulu kokhuseleko olunikezelayo.

Kutheni i-Screw Pin Shackle ingafanelekanga kuFakelo lweSigxina okanye ixesha elide

Masandise ukungalungeli kwamakhamandela e-screw pin ukuze asetyenziswe ixesha elide. Ufakelo "lwexesha elide" okanye "olusisigxina" lunokuba yiyo nantoni na ukusuka kumatshini onqunyanyisiweyo kangangeentsuku ezininzi ukuya kulwakhiwo olwenzelwe ukuhlala iminyaka. Kwezi meko, i-shackle ayikho phantsi kokuqwalaselwa rhoqo, ngokuthe ngqo kwe-rigger. Kulindeleke ukuba yenze umsebenzi wayo ngokuthembekileyo ngaphandle kokungenelela rhoqo.

I-screw pin shackle ayifanelanga le ndima ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi:

1. Vibration: Phantse zonke iimeko zemizi-mveliso zineqondo elithile lokungcangcazela ngasemva koomatshini, ukugcwala kwezithuthi, okanye nomoya. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, le micro-vibration inokwanela ukoyisa ukukhuhlana kwimisonto ye-screw pin, ibangela ukuba ijike kancinane kwaye iphinde iphume.
2. Ukukhwela ibhayisekile ngeThermal: Njengoko amaqondo obushushu ahlala etshintsha imini nobusuku, umzimba wekhamandela kunye nephini liya kwanda kwaye linciphe ngemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo kancinane. Le nkqubo ye-cyclical inokuba negalelo ekukhululweni kwemisonto yephini.
3. Ukunqongophala kwesitshixo esihle: Ukhuseleko lwephini lokujija luxhomekeke kuphela kukhuhlane lwemisonto yaso kunye nokuqiniswa okufanelekileyo (ukuqina ngesandla, emva koko uxhaswe kwikota yokujika). Ayinandlela ilungileyo yokutshixa ngoomatshini ukuyithintela ukuba ingaxeli. Isixokelelwano sohlobo lwebholiti yenaliti kunye necotter-pin ibonelela ngesitshixo esihle. Indongomane ayinakuphuma ngaphandle kokuba iphini yecotter isuswe ngokwasemzimbeni.

Impazamo kukukhetha lula kunokhuseleko. Isixhobo sokulawula isixhobo sinokusebenzisa iphini lokujija kuqhagamshelo olungenasigxina kuba luyakhawuleza ukuhlohla. Esi sigqibo sazisa indlela yokusilela okufihlakeleyo kwinkqubo. Ikhonkco lohlobo lwebholiti, kunye ne-nut kunye ne-cotter pin, yenzelwe ngokuchanekileyo ezi "sete kwaye uyilibale" izicelo. Ibonelela ngoqhagamshelo oluqinisekisiweyo, olukhuselekileyo ngoomatshini olungathembekanga kukhuhlane lodwa. Kuso nasiphi na isicelo apho i-shackle ayiyi kuchithwa ekupheleni kokutshintshwa, i-bolt-type-type shackle yiyona kuphela ukhetho oluxanduva lobugcisa.

Ukuqhelaniswa nePin ngokufanelekileyo kunye neendlela zoKhuselo

Nangona i-shackle echanekileyo kunye nohlobo lwe-pin olukhethiweyo, iimpazamo kwindibano yazo zinokubeka engozini ukhuseleko.

• UkuQiniswa kwePin yesiKhwanka: Inkqubo esemgangathweni kunye nechanekileyo ye-screw pin shackle kukuqinisa i-pin de ibe ihleli ngokupheleleyo kwaye ilungile. Emva koko, kufuneka ubuyisele iphini umva malunga nekota yejiko. Oku kuthintela isikhonkwane ekubeni "sixinene" kwimisonto ngenxa yokuguqulwa komthwalo, okuya kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukususa. Ayiwabekeli phantsi amandla ekhamandela. Abanye abaqhankqalazi, besaba ukuba ipini iya kukhulula, baya kuzama ukuyiqinisa nge-wrench okanye ibha yokukhohlisa. Le yimpazamo. Ingonakalisa imicu kwaye ayithinteli isikhonkwane ukuba sikhulule ngenxa yokujikeleza. Ukhuseleko lwephini lokujija alikho ekuqineni kwalo kodwa likwindawo yalo efanelekileyo (okt, kwizinyusi ezingajikiyo, zethutyana).

• "Ukumawusa" i-Screw Pin: Kwezinye iimeko, ngakumbi kwiindawo zaselwandle, isikhonkwane se-screw sinokuthi "sihoxiswe" njengenyathelo lesibini lokhuseleko. Oku kubandakanya ukugqithiswa kocingo oluncinane kumngxuma wegxalaba lesikhonkwane kwaye ulisonge ngokukhuselekileyo kumlenze omeleneyo womzimba wekhamandela. Ngelixa oku kunokunceda ukuthintela isikhonkwane ekuxhaseni ngokupheleleyo, asiyonto ithathela indawo yokusebenzisa ikhonkco lohlobo olufanelekileyo lwebholt kwizicelo ezifuna enye. Kufuneka kubonwe njengento yokukhusela eyongezelelweyo, kungekhona isisombululo esisisiseko soqhagamshelwano lwexesha elide.

• Ufakelo lwe-Bolt-Type Pin: Kwi-bolt-type shackle, i-bolt kufuneka ifakwe kwaye i-nut iqiniswe. I-nut kufuneka ihlambuluke, kodwa akukho mfuneko ye-torque egqithisileyo. Isinyathelo esibalulekileyo kukufakwa ngokufanelekileyo kwepini ye-cotter ekwahlulayo. Iphini ye-cotter kufuneka ifakwe kumngxuma kwibholithi, kwaye imilenze yayo kufuneka igobe ngasemva kwaye isasazeke malunga nebholi. Oku kuthintela nut ngokwasemzimbeni ukuba ijike. Ukusebenzisa isikhonkwane, isiqwenga socingo, okanye nayiphi na enye into ephuculweyo endaweni yesikhonkwane esifanelekileyo se-cotter yindlela emfutshane eyingozi eyoyisa ngokupheleleyo injongo yekhonkco lokhuseleko.

• I-Pin Orientation: Xa udibanisa i-shackle kwi-hook yokuphakamisa, umzimba we-shackle (isaphetha) kufuneka uhlaliswe kwi-saddle ye-hook, kungekhona ipini. Ikhonkco akufanele libekwe kwiphini. Xa usebenzisa i-shackle ukudibanisa ii-slings ezimbini, ipini kufuneka ifakwe kwiso le-sling enye, kwaye umzimba we-shackle kufuneka ubambe iliso lomnye. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umthwalo udluliselwa kwiindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zamacandelo njengoko kuhloswe ngoyilo lwazo.

Impazamo kukuphatha ukudityaniswa kwekhonkco njengenyathelo elingenamsebenzi. Nganye kwezi nkcukacha-ukuqinisa ngokufanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwepini ye-cotter, ukuqhelaniswa ngokuchanekileyo-yinxalenye encinci kodwa ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba uxhumano lukhuselekile. Indibano ekhawulezileyo okanye engakhathaliyo inokuwugatya wonke umsebenzi wenyameko oye wakhetha ikhonkco elichanekileyo kunye nekhonkco lokuphakanyiswa kwasekuqaleni.

Imposiso yesi-4: Ukungahoyi ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kunye noHlolo lwamaxesha athile

Ityathanga eliphakamisayo kunye netyathanga alinakufa. Ukususela kwixesha lokuqala lokufakwa kwinkonzo, baqala inkqubo ende, ecothayo yokunxiba kunye nokudinwa. Baphantsi koxinzelelo, ukukrazuka, iimpembelelo zamaxesha athile, kunye nefuthe eliqhubekayo lokusingqongileyo. Ukucinga ukuba inxalenye ebikhuselekile izolo iya kukhuseleka namhlanje bubuxoki obuyingozi. Ukuhlola yinkqubo esibeka esweni ngayo impilo yezixhobo zethu zokurhweba. Yindlela yethu yokuphulaphula ibali elibaliswa yintsimbi-ibali lemithwalo eyithweleyo kunye noxinzelelo oluye lwalunyamezela. Ukungahoyi le ngxoxo yimpazamo ebalulekileyo. Ivumela imiba emincinci, elawulekayo njenge-nick encinci okanye ukunweba okuncinci ukuphuhlisa, okungabonakaliyo kunye nokungaqwalaselwanga, kwi-precursors yokusilela ngokukhawuleza kunye nentlekele. Inkqubo yokuhlola esesikweni, ayingokwasemthethweni; sesona sixhobo sisetyenziswayo ukuthintela iingozi.

Ukuseka iRejimeni yoHlolo oluSesikweni (Mihla le, ngamaxesha)

Inkqubo yokuhlola eyomeleleyo yakhiwe kwiintsika ezimbini: ukukhangela rhoqo, ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kokusetyenziswa okwenziwa ngumqhubi, kunye nokuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo, okubhalwe rhoqo okwenziwa ngumntu onobuchule. Zomibini zigunyaziswe yimigangatho efana ne-OSHA 1910.184 e-US kunye neMimiselo yokuPhakamisa kunye neMimiselo yokuPhakamisa izixhobo (LOLER) 1998 e-UK.

• Uhlolo Lokusetyenziswa Kwangaphambi Kokusetyenziswa (Imihla ngemihla okanye Phambi Kokusetyenziswa Nganye): Oku kukujonga izandla, okubonakalayo kunye nokuchukumisayo ekufuneka kwenziwe ngumqhubi okanye umqhubi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa nayiphi na iqhekeza lesixhobo sokuphakamisa. Luvavanyo olukhawulezayo kodwa olubalulekileyo lwempilo. Umsebenzisi kufuneka aphathe bonke ubude besilingi setsheyini kwaye ahlole ngokwasemzimbeni amakhamandela. Bajonge naziphi na iimpawu ezicacileyo, ezintsha zomonakalo onokuthi wenzeke ukususela ekusetyenzisweni kokugqibela. Oku kubandakanya ukujijwa, amaqhina, iintanda ezicacileyo, ii-nicks ezibalulekileyo okanye ii-gouges, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanqaku afundeka kakuhle kwaye amacandelo afana neeletshi zokhuseleko kwiihuku zisebenza ngokuchanekileyo. Oku kuhlolwa akufuneki ukuba kubhalwe ngokusemthethweni, kodwa luxanduva lomntu olunyanzelekileyo. Impazamo kukuba ubambe isilingi kwi-rack kwaye kwangoko uyibeke emsebenzini, ucinga ukuba ikwimeko efanayo naxa isusiwe.

• Ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha athile: Olu luhlolo oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi kunye nolungqongqo ekufuneka lubhalwe ngerekhodi elisemthethweni. Ukuphindaphindwa kolu hlolo kuxhomekeke kubungqongqo benkonzo, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi zokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kuqhutywa rhoqo ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinzima (umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-high-frequency, indawo enomhlwa), ukuhlolwa kungafuneka ngenyanga okanye ngekota. Olu hlolo kufuneka lwenziwe "ngumntu onobuchule" - umntu onoqeqesho, ulwazi kunye namava okuchonga iziphene kwaye onegunya lokususa izixhobo emsebenzini. Ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha athile akubandakanyi nje ukukhangela okubonakalayo kodwa kwanemilinganiselo echanekileyo yokufumanisa izinto ezifana nokunwebeka kwekhonkco okanye ukunxiba okusenokungabonakali kwiliso lenyama.

Impazamo kukuphatha uhlolo njengento ecingelwayo okanye ukuxhomekeka kuphela kwitshekhi yamaxesha onyaka. Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kokusetyenziswa ngumgca wokuqala wokukhusela. Yitshekhi ebambe umonakalo owenzeke izolo. Ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha ngamaxesha kukuntywila okunzulu okubamba ukuthotywa kancinci kancinci kwexesha elide. Inkqubo eyimpumelelo ifuna zombini. Inkcubeko yenkampani exhobisa kwaye ilindele ukuba wonke umsebenzi omnye enze itshekhi yangaphambi kokusetyenziswa yinkcubeko ethintela ngokusebenzayo iingozi.

Ukuchonga amanqaku okuGxila okuBalulekileyo: ii-Nick, iiGouges, kunye ne-Stretch

Ngexesha lokuhlolwa, umntu onobuchule uzingela iintlobo ezithile zomonakalo owaziwayo ngokuthomalalisa ingqibelelo yekhonkco kunye ne-shackle yokuphakamisa.

• Nicks, Gouges, kunye neeCracks: Nakuphi na ukusika okubukhali okanye ukujikela kumphezulu wekhonkco lekhonkco okanye umzimba wekhama liyinkxalabo enkulu. Ezi zisebenza njenge "stress risers" okanye "stress concentrators." Yiba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni womlambo ogudileyo oqukuqelayo. Ukuba ubeka ilitye elikhulu, elibukhali endleleni yalo, amanzi ajikeleza ngamandla kulo. Ngokufanayo, imigca yamandla ehamba ngentsimbi yentsimbi iya kugxininisa kwindawo ebukhali ye-gouge. Olu xinzelelo lwendawo lunokuba ngamaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu koxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo kwicandelo, okwenza kube yindawo yokuqala yokuqhekeka. Iintanda ezinqamlezileyo (ezo zibaleka zijonge kwicala lamandla) ziyingozi kakhulu. Naliphi na icandelo elifunyenwe ngokuqhekeka kufuneka lisuswe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokusisigxina kwinkonzo. Imigangatho ibonelela ngemiqathango ethile evumelekileyo kwi-nicks kunye ne-gouges, rhoqo njengepesenti yobuninzi bezinto.

• Yolula (Elongation): Iintambo zokuphakamisa i-alloy zenzelwe ukolula ngaphambi kokuba ziphuke, zinika isilumkiso esibalulekileyo somthwalo ogqithisileyo. Lo ngumsitho wexesha elinye. Ikhonkco eliye loluliwe likhonkco eliye lonakaliswa kwaye liye laguqulwa ngokusisigxina. Kufuneka isuswe kwinkonzo. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokukhangela ukolula ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwexesha kukulinganisa ubude obuthile bekhonkco (umzekelo, i-10 ukuya kwi-20 links) xa isentsha kwaye urekhode loo mlinganiso. Kuhlolo olulandelayo, elo candelo linye liphinda lilinganiswe. Nakuphi na ukwanda kobude kubonisa ukuba ikhonkco liye lalayishwa kakhulu ngexesha elithile. Uninzi lwabavelisi luchaza ukuba ulwandiso olungaphezulu kwe-5% nakweyiphi na indawo lunika ikhonkco lingakhuselekanga.

• Ukunxiba kunye nokuNcitshiswa koMdamitha: Amakhonkco amakhonkco akhuhla omnye komnye, ngokuchasene namagwegwe, nakwimithwalo abayiphakamisayo. Amakhamandela anxiba ngokuchasene nezinto ezizidibanisayo. Oku kunxitywa kwe-abrasive kunciphisa ngokuthe ngcembe indawo ye-cross-sectional material. Ekubeni amandla ecandelo lihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nommandla walo onqamlekileyo, oku kunxitywa kukwenza ukunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo umthamo wayo. Ukuhlolwa kubandakanya ukusebenzisa i-calipers ukulinganisa ububanzi bezinto eziphathekayo kwiindawo zokugqoka eziphezulu (ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokuthwala ngaphakathi kwekhonkco lekhonkco okanye kwisaphetha se-shackle). Imigangatho efana ne-ASME B30.10 ibonelela ngeendlela ezithile zokukhatywa, ehlala ichaza ukuba ukucutha kwedayamitha engaphezulu kwe-10% nakweyiphi na indawo kubangelwa ukususwa kwinkonzo.

Impazamo kukujonga isiqwenga sokurhweba kwaye ubone kuphela imilo yayo ngokubanzi. Umhloli kufuneka ajonge kufutshane, ngeliso eliqeqeshiweyo, kwezi mpawu zikhethekileyo nezinokulinganiswa zokuthotywa kwesidima.

Umlinganiselo wokwandiswa kweChayini kunye noTshintsho lweShackle

Inkqubo yokulinganisa iziphene ichanekile kwaye iyindlela. Ye chain isilingi, umhloli uya kubeka ikhonkco kwindawo ethe tyaba kwaye asuse nayiphi na i-twist.

1. Ubude beGage: Inani elithile leekhonkco likhethwa njenge "gage ubude."
2. Umlinganiselo wokuqala: Xa isilingi sisitsha, le gage ubude bulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ixabiso lirekhodwa kwilog yokuhlola yeso silingiswa esithile.
3. Umlinganiselo wamaxesha: Ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwamaxesha ngamaxesha, ubude obufanayo begeji buphinda bulinganiswe.
4. Thelekisa: Umlinganiselo omtsha uthelekiswa nowokuqala. Nakuphi na ukunyuka kubonisa ukolula. Umzekelo, ukuba i-original ye-300mm ye-gage ubude ngoku ilinganisa i-318mm, yi-6% elongation ((318-300) / 300 * 100), kwaye ikhonkco kufuneka ligwetywe.

Ye amatyathanga, umhloli ngokuyintloko ujonge deformation.

1. Ukuvula Umqala: Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lomthwalo ogqithisiweyo kukuvuleka komqala-umgama phakathi "kweendlebe" ze-shackle. Oku kubonisa ukuba intambo iqhawulwe. Abavelisi babonelela ngemilinganiselo yokuqala, kwaye naluphi na ulwando olubalulekileyo luyimbangela yokwaliwa.
2. Ukujija okanye ukugoba: Umhloli uya kubona ezantsi ityayile ukujonga ukuba akukho nakuphi na ukugoba emzimbeni okanye isikhonkwane. Ikhonkco kufuneka lilingane ngokugqibeleleyo. Nakuphi na ukugqwethwa kucebisa ukuba ibekwe phantsi komthwalo ogqithisiweyo wecala okanye okunye ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga.

Impazamo kukwenza uhlolo "ngeso" yedwa. Ngelixa ujongo olubonakalayo linyathelo lokuqala, alikwazi ukubona ukolula kancinci okanye ukunxiba. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-calipers kunye ne-tape measure, edibaniswe nerekhodi esemthethweni yemilinganiselo yokuqala, yinto eguqula ukujonga okungaqhelekanga kwi-professional, inspectionable quantifiable.

Ukubaluleka kokugcinwa kweeRekhodi kwi-LOLER kunye nokuthotyelwa kwe-OSHA

Uxwebhu luyintsika yenkqubo yokuhlola ethobelayo kunye nokukhusela. Kuzo zombini i-OSHA e-US kunye ne-LOLER e-UK, akwanelanga ukwenza nje uhlolo; kufuneka ube nako ukubonisa ukuba uzenzile.

Irekhodi yokuhlola efanelekileyo yesixhobo ngasinye (umzekelo, isilingi ngasinye setsheyini, ityathanga ngalinye elibalulekileyo) kufuneka libandakanye:

• Isazisi esisodwa sesixhobo (umzekelo, inombolo yesiriyali).
• Umhla wokuhlolwa.
• Igama kunye nesiginitsha yomntu onobuchule oyenzileyo.
• Imeko yezixhobo, ukuqaphela naziphi na iziphene ezifunyenweyo.
• Ukulahlwa kwezixhobo (umz., "Ipasiwe," "Isusiwe kwiNkonzo," "Ilungisiwe").
• Umhla wohlolo olucwangcisiweyo olulandelayo.

Ezi rekhodi zisebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi. Banikezela ngembali eqhubekayo yobomi benkonzo yesixhobo, ukuvumela ukulandelwa kweepateni zokunxiba. Babonisa inkuthalo efanelekileyo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwabahloli abalawulayo. Kwimeko engathandekiyo yengozi, ezi rekhodi ngamaxwebhu asemthethweni ayimfuneko abonisa ukuba inkampani ibilandela iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezimiselweyo.

Impazamo kukujonga eli phepha njengomthwalo. Ifanele ijongwe njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokhuseleko ngokwayo. Irekhodi elahlekileyo ye-sling ifana neflegi ebomvu njengokuqhekeka kwikhonkco. Ibonisa ukuchithwa kwenkqubo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko. Kwixesha langoku, iinkqubo zokugcina irekhodi zedijithali ziyakwazi ukuyilungelelanisa le nkqubo, yenze kube lula ukulandela izixhobo, ukuhlolwa kweshedyuli, kunye nokugcina imbali epheleleyo, enokuphicothwa kwekhonkco ngalinye kunye nekhonkco lokuphakanyiswa kuluhlu lwenkampani.

Imposiso yesi-5: Ii-engile ze-Sling ezingafanelekanga kunye ne-Side Loading

Isenzo sokuphakamisa sibandakanya uthethathethwano oluqhubekayo kunye nemithetho yefiziksi, ngakumbi imigaqo ye-vectors kunye nemikhosi. I-rigger engenakho ukuqonda, ukuqonda okusebenzayo malunga nendlela amandla ahanjiswa ngayo ngaphakathi kwendibano yokuphakamisa isebenza kunye neyona ndawo ingaboniyo. Ii-angles apho ii-slings zifakwe kumthwalo azikho iinkcukacha ezincinci; zisisiseko esiphambili soxinzelelo oluya kufunyanwa ngamatyathanga, amakhamandela, namanye amacandelo. Ngokufanayo, indlela ekutsalwa kuyo ikhonkco ibalulekile. La macandelo enziwe ngomzila othile womthwalo engqondweni, kwaye ukuphambuka kuloo ndlela ngokuzisa imithwalo yecala kunokunciphisa kakhulu, kwaye kaninzi ngokungabonakali, ukunciphisa umthamo wabo. Impazamo kukubona ukuphakanyiswa kuphela ngokobunzima bayo obuthe nkqo, ukungahoywa kweevektha zamandla ezithe tye ezinokuphinda-phinda uxinzelelo kwi-rigging ukuya kumanqanaba ayingozi.

I-Physics ye-Sling angles: Indlela yokuTension inyuka ngokubonakalayo

Njengoko siye sathetha ngokufutshane ngaphambili, ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-engile yesilingi kunye noxinzelelo kumlenze wesilingi alukho mgca; iyabalasela. Lo ngumbono ongenakugxininiswa ngokugqithisileyo. Isixhobo ngasinye sokuxhobisa kufuneka sibe netshati yengqondo yeemeko ze-angle yomthwalo.

Masikhe sibe nomfanekiso ngqondweni woku kwakhona. Cinga ngomthwalo we-2,000 kg.

• Ngesilingi esinemilenze emibini kwi-a I-90-degree i-angle (umlenze ngamnye ume nkqo ngokugqibeleleyo, into engenakwenzeka kodwa isebenza njengesiseko), umlenze ngamnye uxhasa i-1,000 kg.
• Ngempilo I-60-degree i-angle, i-tension kumlenze ngamnye yi-1,155 kg. Amandla apheleleyo kwi-rigging yi-2,310 kg, esele ingaphezulu kobunzima bomthwalo.
• Ku I-45-degree i-angle, i-tension kumlenze ngamnye yi-1,414 kg. Amandla ewonke yi-2,828 kg.
• Kwingozi I-30-degree i-angle, i-tension kumlenze ngamnye yi-2,000 kg. Amandla apheleleyo kwi-rigging yi-4,000 kg-iphindwe kabini ubunzima bomthwalo ophakanyiswayo.

Impazamo kukusilela kwentelekelelo—ukungakwazi “ukubona” la mandla angabonakaliyo. Umsebenzisi usenokukhetha ityathanga netyathanga lokuliphakamisa nge-WLL ye-1,500 kg ngomlenze ngamnye, ecinga ukuba banomda wokhuseleko wama-50% kumthwalo wabo womlenze we-1,000 kg. Kodwa ukuba baxhoma i-lift kwi-45 degrees, i-tension yokwenene yi-1,414 kg, ikhupha phantse yonke i-margin yabo. Ukuba iimeko zibanyanzela kwi-angle ye-30-degree, ngoku zisebenzisa i-2,000 kg yonyanzeliso kwicandelo elilinganiswe nge-1,500 kg, i-overload ye-33%.

Olona qheliselo lulumkileyo kukuhlala ucwangcisa iilifti ukuze ugcine ii-engile zesilingi ezingama-60 degrees okanye ngaphezulu. Xa oku kungenakwenzeka ngenxa yobume bomthwalo okanye ukulinganiselwa kwe-headroom, i-rigger kufuneka yenze isibalo kwaye ikhethe ukuxubha kunye nomthamo onokukwazi ukujongana nokunyuka koxinzelelo. Kungenjalo, kwaye kaninzi ngokukhuselekileyo, kufuneka bacinge ukusebenzisa indlela eyahlukileyo yokurhweba, efana ne-spreader beam.

Kutheni iCala liLayisha iKhatyana liResiphi yokusilela

Ikhamandela yenzelwe ukutsalwa ngokuthe tye, ngokuhambelana ne-centerline yayo, ukusuka kumbindi wephini ukuya kumbindi wesaphetha. I-WLL yayo isekelwe kule meko ifanelekileyo yokulayisha. Ukulayishwa kwecala kwenzeka xa kusetyenziswe amandla kwi-angle kulo mgca ophakathi. Le yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa kakubi kunye nokonakalisa ikhonkco.

Xa ikhonkco lilayishwe ecaleni, izinto ezininzi eziyingozi zenzeka:

1. Ukugoba Uxinzelelo: Umzimba wekhama phantsi uphantsi kwexesha lokugoba ubungacetywanga ukuba umelane nalo. Oku kunokubangela ukuba "imilenze" ye-shackle isasazeke ngaphandle, imeko eyaziwa ngokuba "ukuvula umhlathi."
2. Isakhono esiNcitshisiweyo: Bonke abavelisi abakhulu be-shackle banikezela ngedatha ethile ekunciphiseni kwe-WLL ekufuneka isetyenziswe xa ukulayishwa kwecala kungenakuthintelwa. Umzekelo, umthwalo osecaleni osetyenziswe kwi-angle ye-45-degree unganciphisa i-WLL ye-shackle ngama-30%. Umthwalo ofakwe kwii-90 degrees (ngokuthe ngqo kwicala lesaphetha) unokunciphisa i-WLL nge-50 ephazamisayo.
3. Iphini lokungaphumeleli: Ukulayishwa kwecala kubeka uxinzelelo olukhulu kuqhagamshelo oludityanisiweyo lwephini, olunokuthi lukhokhelele ekukhululweni komsonto okanye kwanokwaphuka kwephini.

Impazamo kukucinga ngetyathanga njengesidibanisi selizwe jikelele, esinamacala amaninzi. Ayiyo. Licandelo elikhokelela kakhulu. Ikhonkco le-ankile (isaphetha) liyanyamezela ngakumbi kumthwalo othile we-angular kunetyathanga letyathanga (Dee), kodwa ixhomekeke ekucuthekeni okubalulekileyo komthamo. Umthetho kukuhlala uzama ukulayisha ikhonkco ngokunyanisekileyo emgceni. Ukuba ukulayishwa kwe-angular kuyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo, i-WLL kufuneka incitshiswe ngokwetshathi ethe ngqo yomenzi waloo modeli yekhamandela. Ukusebenzisa ityayile kwi-WLL yayo epheleleyo ngelixa usebenzisa umthwalo osecaleni ulingana nomthwalo obalulekileyo.

Ukuqhelanisa ngokuchanekileyo Ikhama kwi-Multi-Leg Sling

I-orientation efanelekileyo ye-shackle iyisitshixo sokuphepha imithwalo yecala, ngakumbi xa udibanisa i-slings yemilenze emininzi kwikhonkco enye yenkosi okanye i-crane hook.

Xa usebenzisa isilingi somkhala esinemilenze emibini, emithathu, okanye emine, yonke imilenze idla ngokudityaniswa kwindawo enye. Ukuba i-ankile (isaphetha) intambo isetyenziswa njengale ndawo yokuqokelela, i-orientation ibalulekile.

• Indlela echanekileyo: Amehlo esilingi kufuneka abekwe kwisaphetha sekhamandela. I-pin ye-chackle idityaniswe kwikhonkco eliphambili okanye i-crane hook. Oku kuvumela imilenze yokusawula ukuba ijike ngokukhululekileyo kwisaphetha esingqukuva sekhonkco kwaye ifumane i-engile yayo yendalo ngaphandle kokubeka amandla okugoba kumzimba wekhamandela.
• Indlela Engalunganga: Ukubeka i-crane hook okanye i-master link kwisaphetha kunye nokudibanisa amehlo e-sling kwi-pin ye-shackle ayilunganga. Oku kugxininisa yonke imikhosi esuka kwimilenze emininzi yokusawula kwiphini, ikhusela ukuba ihambelane ngokuchanekileyo kwaye inokwenza imithwalo yecala kwiphini ngokwayo.

Cinga ngale ndlela: inxalenye enamacandelo amaninzi okanye eyona mfuno inkulu yokunyakaza (amehlo e-sling) iya kwindawo enkulu, ehlala kuyo indawo ye-shackle (isaphetha). Indawo eyodwa, ezinzileyo yoqhagamshelo (ikhonkco) iya kwiphini. Ukulandela le ngqiqo ilula kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umthwalo ugqithiselwa nge-shackle njengoko kujoliswe kuyilo lwayo.

Ukusebenzisa i-Spreaders beams ukulawula ii-angles ezinzima

Ngamanye amaxesha, i-geometry yomthwalo-ibanzi kakhulu kwaye ithe tyaba, umzekelo-yenza ukuba kungenzeki ukufezekisa i-angle ye-sling elungile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-slings emide kakhulu. Kule meko, ukuzama ukuphakamisa ngokuthe ngqo kwiikona kuya kubangela ii-angles eziphantsi kakhulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu oluyingozi.

Isisombululo asikuko ukuqhubela phambili nge-angle eyingozi, kodwa ukutshintsha indlela yokuqhawula. I-spreader beam sisixhobo esilula kodwa esiqaqambileyo-i-bar eqinile okanye i-truss ephakanyisiweyo ukusuka kumbindi wayo kwaye ineendawo zokuncamathela eziphelweni zayo. Izilingi ezivela kwi-crane zifakela embindini womqadi, kwaye izilingi ezihlukeneyo zihamba ukusuka ekupheleni komqadi ukuya kumthwalo.

Umsebenzi we-spreader beam kukubamba izilingi zokuphakamisa kwi-orientation ekufutshane-ethe nkqo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zikude kangakanani iindawo zokukhetha kumthwalo. Ngokugcina izilingi zithe nkqo, ukuxinana kwisilingi ngasinye sisabelo saso sobunzima bomthwalo, kungekho siphumo sokuphindaphinda ukusuka kwi-engile. Oku kuphelisa ingxaki yoxinzelelo olukhulu lwesilingi.

Impazamo kukubona ukunyuswa okunzima kwaye uzame ukunyanzelisa isisombululo kunye ne-slings ekhoyo, nokuba kuthetha ukusebenzisa ii-angles ezingakhuselekanga. Umntu ochwepheshile uyaqaphela xa isixhobo singalunganga kumsebenzi. Ukuqaphela imfuno ye-spreader beam luphawu lobuchule. Ibonisa ukuqondwa kwefiziksi ebandakanyekayo kunye nokuzinikela ekwenzeni unyuso ngeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo, kunokuba nje ikhawuleze. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-spreader beam kuguqula i-high-risk, i-high-tension lift ibe yinto elula, elawulwayo, ekhethiweyo.

Imposiso yesi-6: Ukudityaniswa ngendlela engeyiyo

Kwindibano entsonkothileyo yerigi yokuphakamisa, yonke indawo yoqhagamshelo yindawo enokwenzeka yokungaphumeleli. Amandla ekhonkco eliphezulu lealloy okanye i-alloy shackle edibeneyo yenziwa ingabi nantsingiselo ukuba indlela edityaniswe ngayo iphosakele. Imigaqo yoqhagamshelo imalunga nokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahamba kakuhle kwaye aqikelelwa kwangaphambili ngamacandelo, kanye ngendlela abacebe ngayo abayili bawo. Iimpazamo ngokunxulumene zihlala zibandakanya ulungelelwaniso olufihlakeleyo okanye izihlalo ezingafanelekanga ezidala amanqaku agxininisiweyo oxinzelelo okanye ukwazisa amandla anamandla angazange abenzelwe ukuba isixhobo sinyamezele. Ezi ayizompazamo zinkulu, zicacileyo, kodwa zincinci, zinenkohliso ezinokuthi ngokuzolileyo zibeke esichengeni isidima sayo yonke inkqubo.

Ubudenge be "Tip Loading" iHook okanye iKhalethi

"Ingcebiso yokulayisha" yenye yezona mpazamo zakudala kwaye ziyingozi kwi-rigging. Kwenzeka xa umthwalo ugxininiswe kwincam ye-hook yokuphakamisa, kunokuba uhlale ngokufanelekileyo "kwi-sali" okanye "isitya" sekhonkco.

I-hook yokuphakamisa yenzelwe ijometri ethile ngesizathu. Isitya esinzulu, esigobileyo yeyona ndawo inamandla yehuku. Yenzelwe ukuthwala umthwalo ngendlela yokusabalalisa uxinzelelo ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umzimba wayo. Xa umthwalo usetyenziswa kwincam, kwenzeka izinto ezimbini:

1. oluxhathisayo: Amandla asetyenziswa kumgama ukusuka kumzimba oyintloko we-hook, ukudala umphumo we-lever ozama "ukuvula" okanye ukulungisa ikhonkco. Ihuku ayenzelwanga ukumelana nolu hlobo lwamandla okugoba.
2. Uxinzelelo loxinzelelo: Umthwalo wonke ugxile kwindawo encinci kakhulu, incam, ukudala uxinzelelo olukhulu lwendawo.

Ihuku enokuba ne-WLL yeetoni ezi-5 xa ilayishwe ngokuchanekileyo kwisali yayo inokusilela kwiqhezu laloo mthwalo xa ingcebiso ilayishiwe. Iihoki ezininzi zanamhlanje zenzelwe ukuguqula kwaye zivuleke xa zilayishwe kakhulu, zibonelela ngembonakalo yengxaki. Nangona kunjalo, oku akusona isiqinisekiso, kwaye ukuphuka kwe-brittle kusengenzeka, ngakumbi ngamakhonkco amadala okanye agcinwe ngokungafanelekanga.

Umgaqo ofanayo uyasebenza nakwikhamandela. Ukunyanzeliswa komphetho wecandelo ngokuchasene necala lesaphetha se-shackle endaweni yokuyivumela ukuba ihlale phakathi kudala umthwalo ongekho-center ongakhokelela kwi-deformation. Umgaqo uphelele: umthwalo kufuneka uhlale uhleli phakathi kwecandelo elenzelwe ukuthwala-i-saddle ye-hook okanye phakathi kwesaphetha se-shackle. Iintambo zokhuseleko kwiihuku zenzelwe ukunceda ukukhusela izilingi ukuba zingaphumi kwisali, kodwa azithwali mthwalo kwaye azikwazi ukuthintela ukulayishwa kweengcebiso ukuba i-rigging ihlanganiswe ngokungalunganga kwindawo yokuqala.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuHlaliswa okukuko kweTyayini kwiSaphetha se-Shackle

Xa udibanisa ikhonkco kwi-shackle, uxhumano kufuneka luvumele ukuchazwa okufanelekileyo. Ikhonkco lekhonkco kufuneka lihlale ngokukhululeka kwaye liphakathi ngaphakathi kwesaphetha se-shackle.

Impazamo eqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa ikhonkco elincinci kakhulu kwikhonkco. Ukuba isaphetha se-chackle sincinci kakhulu, ikhonkco lekhonkco aliyi kukwazi ukuhlala ngokuchanekileyo. Inokuthi ixinzelelwe okanye ixinzelelwe, okanye iphele ithwele iikona zesaphetha endaweni yeziko. Oku kudala umthwalo wenqaku kwaye kunqanda ukukwazi kwetsheyini ukulungelelanisa ngokwalo kunye necala lokutsalwa.

Umdibaniso kufuneka ukhululeke kwaye ukhululeke. Ikhonkco lekhonkco kufuneka likwazi ukujikeleza ngaphakathi kwesaphetha sekhonkco. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa komthwalo kunqabile. Ukuba uqhagamshelo luqinile okanye luyabophelela, lunokwazisa imikhosi yokugoba ebingalindelekanga kuzo zombini ikhonkco lekhonkco kunye nomzimba wekhamandela. Xa ukhetha ikhonkco kunye nekhonkco lokunyuswa, umntu kufuneka ahlale ekhangele ukuba imilinganiselo iyahambelana. Ububanzi bangaphakathi kunye nobude be-shackle bow kufuneka banele ukulungiselela ikhonkco lekhonkco eliza kufakwa ngaphakathi kwalo. Abanikezeli abahloniphekileyo bokukhwabanisa banokubonelela ngeetshathi ezibonisa ubungakanani obuchanekileyo be-shackle ukuze basebenzise ubungakanani obunikiweyo kunye nebakala lekhonkco.

Ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kweeBolts okanye izikhonkwane eziphuculweyo

Iphini liyinxalenye edityanisiweyo, eyenziwe ngobunjineli yendibano yekhonkco. Yenziwe ukusuka kwinqanaba elifanayo okanye elihambelanayo lensimbi, liphathwa ngokutshisa ukufezekisa iimpawu ezithile zomatshini, kwaye imilinganiselo yayo ilawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuhambelana nomzimba we-shackle.

Impazamo eyingozi kakhulu kukutshintsha isikhonkwane esilahlekileyo okanye esonakeleyo ngebholiti eqhelekileyo esuka kwivenkile yehardware okanye naliphi na elinye iqhekeza lentsimbi engqukuva. Le yimpazamo kumanqanaba amaninzi:

• Amandla ezinto eziphathekayo: Ibholithi esemgangathweni (umzekelo, iBanga lesi-2 okanye lesi-5) ayinakomelela, iductility, okanye ukudinwa kwephini elililo elibunjiweyo. Inokuba yi-diameter efanayo, kodwa umthamo wayo wokuthwala umthwalo uya kuba yiqhezu elincinci le-pin yokuqala.
• Amandla e-Shear: Izikhonkwane zemixokelelwane ziyilelwe ukuba zimelane namandla okucheba kwidayamitha yawo yonke. Iibholiti ziyilelwe ubukhulu becala amandla okubamba (uxinzelelo) kwaye zinamandla asezantsi kakhulu okucheba.
• Linganisa kwaye uGqibe: Iphini yetyayile yenziwe ngomatshini ukuze ilingane imingxuma kwiindlebe zamatyathanga ngokuchanekileyo. Ibholithi esemgangathweni inokuba nganeno, ivumele intshukumo enokuthi yothuse-ilayishe ibholithi, okanye ibe nobukhulu obugqithileyo, ifune ukuba inyantelwe, nto leyo enokonakalisa ikhonkco.

Ukusebenzisa i-pin ephuculweyo kukudala ikhonkco elibuthathaka elifihliweyo. I-shackle ingabonakala iphelele, kodwa amandla ayo ancitshisiwe angaziwa, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayanelanga, amandla ebholiti. Ukuba isikhonkwane sekhamandela silahlekile okanye sonakalisiwe, ekuphela kwendlela ekhuselekileyo yesenzo kukulahla yonke intambo. Ungaze uzame ukutshintsha iphini.

Ukuqhagamshela i-Slings kwi-Chackles: uMba wokuHamba kunye neNkululeko

Indlela iindidi ngeendidi zezilingi ezidityaniswe ngayo amakhamandela nayo ifuna ukuqwalaselwa.

• Izilingi zamakhonkco: Njengoko kuxoxiwe, ikhonkco lekhonkco kufuneka lihlale ngokucocekileyo kwisaphetha se-shackle.
• Izilingi zeNtsontelo yocingo: Isilingi sentambo sine "iso" elijijekileyo ekugqibeleni, libanjwe kunye ngomkhono ojijekileyo okanye i-splice. Eli liso kufuneka likhuselwe yi "thimble," intsimbi egobileyo efaka intsimbi ethintela intambo yocingo ukuba ingagobi kakhulu kwaye iyikhusele ekuqhumeni. Xa uqhagamshelwa kwintambo, iphini okanye umzimba kufuneka uthwale kwi-thimble, kungekhona ngokuthe ngqo kwintambo yocingo ngokwayo. Ukusebenzisa i-shackle encinci kakhulu kunokutshiza iliso le-sling, ukulimaza iingcingo kwisiseko somkhono, indawo ebalulekileyo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu.
• Izilingi zokwenziwa (izilingi zeWebhu okanye iiRoundslings): Izilingi zokwenziwa zenziwe ngepolyester okanye inayiloni kwaye zixatyiswe ngenxa yobunzima bazo obulula kunye nokukwazi ukukhusela indawo ethambileyo yomthwalo. Zikwangawona achaphazeleka kakhulu ekusikwe okanye wonakaliswe ngamacaleni abukhali. Xa udibanisa isilingi sokwenziwa kwikhamandela, qinisekisa ukuba umphezulu wekhamandela ugudileyo kwaye awunazo naziphi na iziphene okanye iziphetho ezibukhali ezinokugqabhuka izinto zokulingisa. Ububanzi be-sling kufuneka buqwalaselwe. Ukudibanisa isilingi sewebhu esibanzi kwikhonkco elimxinwa kunokubangela ukulayisha ngokungalinganiyo kwimicu yesilingi kwaye kunokukhokelela kumonakalo oshushu osuka kukhuhlane. Ikhamandela elinesaphetha esibanzi lingafuneka ukuze lisetyenziswe kunye nezilingi zokwenziwa ezibanzi.

Impazamo kukugxila kuphela kwi-WLL kwaye ungayihoyi ujongano lomzimba phakathi kwamacandelo. Uqhagamshelo alufanele lube namandla ngokwaneleyo kuphela, kodwa kufuneka luhambelane nobume kunye nobukhulu bokuthintela umonakalo kwi-sling kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthwalo udluliswa kakuhle. Uxhulumaniso olufanelekileyo lolo lunamandla, oluzinzileyo, noluvumela amacandelo ukuba achaze njengoko ayeyilwe.

Imposiso yesi-7: Ukungahoyi iMiyalelo yoMvelisi kunye neMigangatho yeHlabathi

Ehlabathini lokunyuswa kunye nokurhweba, akukho ndawo yokusebenzela okanye ukuphuculwa. Iinkqubo kunye nezixhobo esizisebenzisayo zingumphumo wamava angaphezulu kwenkulungwane eqokelelweyo, uphando olunzulu, kwaye, ngokulusizi, izifundo ezifunyenwe kwiingozi. Obu bulumko buhlanganisiweyo bulungelelaniswe ngokwemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye buchazwe kwimiyalelo ethe ngqo yomenzi. Ukungawuhoyi lo mzimba wolwazi sisenzo sokuzigwagwisa okunzulu. Kukucingela ukuba isigqibo sikabani sinokuthatha indawo yezigqibo zeenjineli, iingcali zemetallurgists, kunye neengcali zokhuseleko. Le mpazamo ayikho malunga nesenzo esisodwa, esingalunganga, kodwa malunga nengqondo ephosakeleyo-ukungaphumeleli ukuqaphela ukuba ukunyuswa okukhuselekileyo kuyinkqubo elawulwa yimithetho, kungekhona ubugcisa obukhululekile. Ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho lolona khuselo lokugqibela nolubandakanya ukusilela.

Indima ye-ASME B30 kunye neminye iMigangatho yeHlabathi

Imigangatho ibonelela ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo kunye neemfuno zokhuseleko olusisiseko kulo lonke ishishini lokunyusela. Baqinisekisa ukuba iqhina elenziwe eJamani, ityathanga elivela eUnited States, kunye nekhreyini evela eJapan zonke zinokusebenzisana ngendlela eqikelelwayo nekhuselekileyo.

• I-ASME B30 (uMbutho waseMelika weeNjineli zoomatshini): Ngokungathandabuzekiyo lo ngowona mgangatho unempembelelo yemigangatho yokunyuswa kunye nokurhwasha eMntla Melika, kwaye impembelelo yayo ivakala kwihlabathi jikelele. Ayiloxwebhu olunye kodwa luthotho lwemiqulu, nganye igubungela uhlobo oluthile lwesixhobo. Ngeenjongo zethu, ezona zifanelekileyo zezi:

  • I-ASME B30.10: Igubungela iiHooks
  • I-ASME B30.9: Izilingi zokugquma (kubandakanya ikhonkco lealloyi, intambo yocingo, kunye nezinto ezenziweyo)
  • I-ASME B30.26: I-Covers Rigging Hardware (kubandakanywa amakhamandela, i-eyebolts, kunye nee-turnbuckles) Le migangatho ichaza yonke into ukusuka kwiimfuno zezinto eziphathekayo kunye nemiba yoyilo ukuya kwiinkqubo zokuhlola kunye neziqinisekiso zomsebenzisi.

• I-LOLER (UkuPhakanyiswa kweMisebenzi kunye neMimiselo yeZixhobo zokuPhakamisa 1998): Esi sisikhokelo somthetho esilawula imisebenzi yokunyusa e-United Kingdom. Kungaphantsi kommiselo malunga noyilo lwezixhobo kune-ASME kodwa ibeka umsebenzi osemthethweni oqinileyo kubaqeshi ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke imisebenzi yokuphakamisa icwangciswe ngokufanelekileyo ngumntu onobuchule, ophantsi kolawulo, kwaye uqhutywe ngendlela ekhuselekileyo. Ibeka ugxininiso olunzima kuvavanyo lomngcipheko kunye nokuhlolwa rhoqo, ngokucokisekileyo kwezixhobo.

• I-ISO (Umbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe wokuMiswa koMgangatho): I-ISO iphuhlisa uluhlu olukhulu lwemigangatho, kubandakanywa uninzi olusebenza kumacandelo okunyusa, eqinisekisa inqanaba lokusebenzisana kumazwe ngamazwe.

Impazamo kukungazi ngemigangatho esebenzayo kwingingqi yakho yokusebenza. Ezi ayizozikhokelo "zezona zilungileyo" kuphela; kwiindawo ezininzi, banamandla omthetho. Umqeshi umsebenzi wakhe ongahambelaniyo nale migangatho unokujongana nezohlwayo eziqatha ezisemthethweni, ngakumbi xa kuthe kwenzeka ingozi. Ulwazi olusebenzayo lweemfuno eziphambili zemigangatho efana ne-ASME B30 luphawu lwesixhobo sokuxhobisa.

Kutheni amaPhepha eeNkcukacha eziKhethekileyo zoMenzi ethathele indawo iMithetho ePhambili

Ngelixa imigangatho ibonelela ngesiseko esigqwesileyo, ngokwendalo ngokubanzi. Ikhonkco elithile kunye nekhonkco lokuphakanyiswa kumvelisi ohloniphekileyo yimveliso yobunjineli eneempawu ezizodwa. Umenzi wenze uvavanyo olubanzi kwimveliso ethile kwaye ungoyena mntu unegunya kumandla kunye nokunciphisa.

Ngesi sizathu, incwadana yomsebenzisi yomenzi okanye i-data sheet kufuneka ihlale ithathwa njengomthombo oyintloko wolwazi. Olu xwebhu luya kunika iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ezinokuthi zingabikho kumgangatho jikelele, ezifana:

• Ukucuthwa okuthe ngqo kwe-WLL yokulayishwa kwe-angular kwimodeli ethile yamakhonkco.
• Uluhlu lobushushu obuchanekileyo bokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo.
• Ukuhambelana namanye amacandelo.
• Iikhrayitheriya zokuhlola ezikhethekileyo ezizodwa kuyilo lwaloo mveliso.

Umgaqo oqhelekileyo ovela kumgangatho unokuthi, umzekelo, ukuba umthwalo wecala le-90-degree unciphisa umthamo we-shackle ngama-50%. Kodwa umenzi othile unokuchaza ukuba kwikhamande labo elithile elisebenza kakhulu, ukuncipha ngama-40% kuphela, okanye kwenye imodeli, ngama-60%. Idatha yomenzi isekelwe kuvavanyo lwangempela lwemveliso yabo kwaye ke ichaneke ngakumbi.

Impazamo kukusebenzisa umgaqo oqhelekileyo osuka kwincwadi yesikhokelo okanye umgangatho xa idatha yomenzi othile ikhona. Kuyo nayiphi na impixano phakathi komgangatho oqhelekileyo kunye nemiyalelo ethe ngqo yomenzi wemveliso yabo, imiyalelo yomenzi kufuneka ilandelwe (ukuba iyahlangabezana okanye igqithise kwiimfuno ezisezantsi zomgangatho). Ngalo lonke ixesha ukhangela, ufunda, kwaye uqonde amaxwebhu aza nesixhobo osisebenzisayo.

Imiba yokungathotyelwa kwemithetho nemigaqo yokuziphatha

Iziphumo zokungahoyi imigangatho kunye nemiyalelo zidlulela ngaphaya kwengozi engokomzimba yelift engaphumelelanga.

• Iziphumo zoMthetho: Emva kwengozi, enye yemibuzo yokuqala abaphandi abavela kwimizimba efana ne-OSHA okanye i-UK's Health and Safety Executive (HSE) iya kubuza kukuba, "Ngaba imigangatho efanelekileyo kunye nemiyalelo yomenzi ilandelwa?" Ukuba impendulo nguhayi, ityala elisemthethweni lomqeshi linokuba likhulu, kuquka izohlwayo ezinkulu kwaye, kwezinye iimeko zokungakhathali okugqithisileyo, izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezijoliswe kubantu abathile enkampanini. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemigangatho emiselweyo lukhuselo olunamandla lomthetho.

• Iziphumo zokuziphatha: Ngaphaya komthetho, kukho umsebenzi osisiseko weenqobo ezisesikweni wokukhusela intlalo-ntle yabalingane bomntu kunye noluntu. Umbhexeshi, umphathi, okanye umnini wenkampani onqumla iikona esazi okanye ovumela izenzo ezingakhuselekanga uyasilela kolu xanduva lusisiseko lomntu. Isigqibo sokusebenzisa i-shackle eyonakalisiweyo okanye ikhonkco engabonakaliyo ayikho nje impazamo yobugcisa; kukungaphumeleli kokuziphatha. Ibeka ixabiso lesantya okanye ukonga iindleko ngaphezu kwexabiso lobomi bomntu. Inkcubeko eyomeleleyo yokhuseleko yakhelwe ekuzibopheleleni kweenqobo ezisesikweni ekwabelwana ngazo komntu ngamnye embuthweni ukwenza umsebenzi ngendlela eyiyo, ngalo lonke ixesha.

Impazamo kukubona ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo njengomqobo omele woyiswe. Sesona sikhokelo sivumela ukuba senze umsebenzi oyingozi ngokwendalo ngokhuseleko oluphezulu. Kukubonakaliswa kwentlonipho yethu kumandla emithwalo esiyiphakamisayo kunye nokuzinikela kwethu kubantu esisebenza nabo.

Uqeqesho oluqhubekayo njengeNtsika yeNkcubeko yoKhuseleko olomeleleyo

Imigangatho iyaguquguquka. Izixhobo ezitsha kunye noyilo lwezixhobo ziyaphuhliswa. Umbhexeshi owaqeqeshwa kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo usenokungaqhelananga neBanga le-120 okanye uyilo lwamva nje lwamakhamandela. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, uqeqesho alunakuba sisiganeko sexesha elinye.

Ukuzibophelela kukhuseleko kufuna ukuzibophelela kwimfundo eqhubekayo nophuhliso lobungcali. Oku kuquka:

• Isiqinisekiso sokuqala: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iiriggers kunye nabaqhubi baqeqeshwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye babonwa njengabafanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba bavunyelwe ukwenza imisebenzi yokuphakamisa.
• UQeqesho lokuhlaziya: Iiseshini zarhoqo zokuqinisa iikhonsepthi eziphambili, ngakumbi ezo zihlala zingaqondwa kakuhle, njengee-angle zesilingi.
• IiNtetho zebhokisi yesixhobo: Iintlanganiso ezimfutshane nezingekho sikweni zokhuseleko ezibanjiweyo ekuqaleni kweshifti ukuxoxa ngeengozi ezithile zonyuso olucwangcisiweyo losuku.
• UQeqesho oluKhethekileyo lweMveliso: Xa kuthengwa izixhobo ezitsha, umenzi unokubonelela ngoqeqesho kwiimpawu ezithile kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhuselekileyo.

Impazamo kukucinga ukuba amava ewodwa athatha indawo yoqeqesho olusesikweni. Umsebénzi onamava usenokuba ebesenza umsebenzi ngendlela ephosakeleyo kangangeminyaka, nto leyo eyenza azive ekhuselekile. Inkcubeko yokhuseleko eyomeleleyo ikhuthaza imibuzo, ibonelela ngamathuba oqeqesho rhoqo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, ukusuka koyena mfundi umtsha ukuya kutsho koyena mphathi unamava, unolwazi aludingayo ukuze asebenzise onke amatyathanga namatyathanga ukuze aziphakamise ngokukhuselekileyo nangempumelelo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa rhoqo (FAQ)

Ngowuphi umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweqhina lesaphetha kunye netyathanga ledee?

Ikhama lesaphetha, elaziwa ngokuba likhamandela leankile, linomzimba omkhulu, "O" -obume. Oku kuyenza ilungele ukudibanisa izilingi ezininzi kwindawo enye kunye nokuphatha imithwalo ye-angular. Ikhonkco le-dee, okanye i-chain chain, inomzimba omncinci, "D" -omile kwaye yenzelwe ukudibanisa, ukudibanisa indawo enye apho ukulayishwa kwecala kungeyonto.

Kufuneka ndiyihlole kangaphi ikhonkco kunye nekhamandela lam xa liphakanyiswa?

Uhlolo luneefrikhwensi ezimbini eziphambili. Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kokusetyenziswa, okubonakalayo kunye nokujonga umonakalo ocacileyo, kufuneka kwenziwe ngumsebenzisi ngaphambi kokuba yonke into iphakanyiswe okanye ubuncinane imihla ngemihla. Uhlolo oluneenkcukacha ngakumbi, olushicilelwe ngamaxesha athile kufuneka lwenziwe ngumntu onobuchule ngamaxesha athile, rhoqo ngonyaka, kodwa rhoqo (umz., ngekota) ukuba isixhobo sisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinzima.

Ngaba ndinokudibanisa ikhonkco leBanga le-100 kwikhonkco yeBanga lama-80?

Nangona kunokwenzeka ngokwasemzimbeni, akukhuthazwa njengendlela efanelekileyo. Ukuba udibanisa amacandelo amabakala ahlukeneyo, uMda wokuSebenza wokuSebenza (WLL) wendibano yonke uyancitshiswa ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-WLL yecandelo lomgangatho ophantsi. Kule meko, isilingi sakho setsheyini esisebenza kakuhle kwiBanga le-100 kuya kufuneka silinganiswe kwaye sisetyenziswe njengesilingi esiqhelekileyo seBakala 80.

Ithetha ukuthini "imeko yoyilo" okanye "imeko yokhuseleko"?

Umba woyilo ngumlinganiselo phakathi kwamandla asezantsi okuqhawuka kwesixhobo kunye noMda woMyilelo wokuSebenza (WLL). Ngokomzekelo, ikhonkco eliphakamisayo kunye ne-4: i-1 design factor kunye ne-WLL yeetoni ezi-2 ziya kuba namandla amancinci okuqhekeza iitoni ezi-8. Lo mda owakhelwe-ngaphakathi ubangela ukulayisha umothuko, ukunxiba, kunye nezinye iziphumo eziguquguqukayo ezingagutyungelwanga luhlelo lwe-WLL olumileyo.

Ngaba ikhe yamkeleka ukuwelda okanye ukulungisa ubushushu ikhonkco lokunyusela ialloyi eyonakeleyo?

Hayi, akunjalo. Amatyathanga okuphakamisa i-alloy afumana amandla kunye ne-ductility kwinkqubo echanekileyo yonyango lobushushu kumzi-mveliso. Ukuwelda okanye ukusebenzisa naluphi na ubushushu obungagunyaziswanga kuya kutshabalalisa olu nyango lobushushu kwindawo echaphazelekayo, kudala ikhonkco eliyingozi nelibuthathaka. Naliphi na ikhonkco eliqhekekileyo, eligobileyo, okanye eloluliweyo kufuneka lisuswe ngokusisigxina kwinkonzo kwaye litshatyalaliswe ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwakhona ngempazamo.

Yintoni "ukulayisha ukothuka" kwaye kutheni kuyingozi kangaka?

Ukulayisha umothuko kukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngequbuliso, njengokuxhwila umthwalo okanye ukutyibilika komthwalo kunye nokulahla umgama omfutshane. Oku kunokudala amandla aguqukayo amaninzi amaxesha amaninzi kunobunzima obumileyo bomthwalo. Inokubangela uxinezeleko kwityathanga kunye netyathanga lokunyuswa ukuba ligqithise okomzuzwana kungekuphela nje i-WLL kodwa nokomelela kokuphela kokuqhawuka, okukhokelela kukusilela ngequbuliso, nokuqhushumba.

Ukubanda okugqithisileyo kusichaphazela njani isixhobo sam sokuphakamisa?

Ukubanda okugqithisileyo kunokubangela ukuba intsimbi ilahlekelwe yi-ductility kwaye ibe brittle. Ilungu eliqhele ukolula ukubonisa umthwalo omninzi kunokophuka ngaphandle kwesilumkiso. Ukusebenza kwiindawo ezibandayo kakhulu (umzekelo, ngaphantsi kwe -20 ° C / -4 ° F), kufuneka usebenzise izixhobo ezilinganiselwe ngokukodwa ngenkonzo yobushushu obuphantsi, njengoko kuqinisekisiwe ngamaxwebhu omenzi.

isiphelo

Uhambo oluya kwiimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ekukhetheni nasekusebenziseni ityathanga kunye netyathanga lokuliphakamisa lityhila inyaniso engaguqukiyo: ukhuseleko ekurhwebeni luqeqesho lobukrelekrele neenqobo ezisesikweni, hayi nje umsebenzi ophathekayo. Ifuna okungaphaya kwamandla akhohlakeleyo; kufuna ukubona kwangaphambili, ukuhlonelwa kwefiziksi, kunye nokubambelela ngokuthobekileyo kwinkulungwane yobulumko obuhlangeneyo. Impazamo nganye kwezisixhenxe esiziphononongileyo-ukusuka ekutolikeni ngendlela engeyiyo i-WLL ukuya ekungahoyweni kwephepha ledatha lomenzi-kusukela ekuqhekekeni kolu qeqesho. Zimela amaxesha apho kuye kwathatyathwa indlela enqumlayo, iinkcukacha zazingasiwa so, okanye umgaqo osisiseko ungaqondwa kakuhle.

Ukuphepha ezi mpazamo kukwamkela inkcubeko yenkuthalo. Kuthetha ukuphatha icandelo ngalinye njengesixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuxhasa ubomi. Kuthetha ukubona amandla angabonakaliyo engcinezelo kunye nesongelo esithe cwaka sokunxiba. Kuthetha ukuxabisa ulwazi oludityaniswe ngokwemigangatho kunye negunya lomhloli onobuchule. Ekugqibeleni, ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwekhonkco kunye nekhonkco, ukubalwa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-angle, kunye nokusebenza ngenkuthalo kokuhlolwa akuzona nje izenzo zokuthotyelwa. Ziyimbonakaliso yokuzinikela okusisiseko kwimpilo-ntle yabalingane bethu kunye nokuthembeka komsebenzi wethu. Ikhonkco lokhuseleko alwenziwanga kuphela kwintsimbi ye-alloy, kodwa kulwazi, ukuphaphama, kunye nesazela sobuchule esingagungqiyo.

Ucaphulo

Umbutho waseMelika weeNjineli zeMechanical. (2021). ASME B30.26-2021: Rigging Hardware. ASME. https://www.asme.org/codes-standards/find-codes-standards/b30-26-rigging-hardware

Umbutho waseMelika weeNjineli zeMechanical. (2024). ASME B30.9-2024: Izilingi. ASME. https://www.asme.org/codes-standards/find-codes-standards/b30-9-slings

Iqela leCrosby. (nd). Crosby General Catalogue. Iqela leCrosby LLC. Ifunyenwe ngoJanuwari 15, 2025, ukusuka

UMlawuli wezeMpilo noKhuseleko. (2014). L113: Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kwezixhobo zokuphakamisa. Imisebenzi yokuPhakamisa kunye neMimiselo yeZixhobo zokuPhakamisa 1998. IKhowudi eVunyiweyo yokuSebenza kunye nesikhokelo. Iincwadi zeHSE. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/l113.htm

UQeqesho lwezoShishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. (nd). ASME B30.9 Izilingi | Ikhosi yoQeqesho kwi-Intanethi. INTO MNA. Ifunyenwe ngoJanuwari 15, 2025, ukusuka

Ukhuseleko eMsebenzini kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo. (nd). 1910.184 - Izilingi. Isebe lezabasebenzi laseMelika. Ifunyenwe ngoJanuwari 15, 2025, ukusuka

URuhlin, M. (2023). UkuRhwaba, ukuPhakamisa, kunye neZenzo zokuSayina. NCCER.

Van Beest. (nd). Amakhamandela ePin® eluhlaza. Ifunyenwe ngoJanuwari 15, 2025, ukusuka